Brand positioning and focus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Brand positioning and focus - Research Paper ExampleThis investigate is intended to develop the sound understanding of the impact of the stigmatisation on the lives of individuals, especially their buying decisions. Moreover, we in like manner aim to identify the best practices of disgraceing in contemporary era.In past era, branding was considered to be what it is considered now. Few years back, brand used to be defined as the name,associated with iodine or more(prenominal) items in the product line, that is used to identify the source of character of the item(s) (Kotler 2000, p. 396) Another definition that was given by Keller (2003) depicts the same thought. He defines brands as technically speaking, the n, whenever a marketer creates a new name, logo, or image for a new product, he or she has created a brand (p. 3) However, over the period of time, it was realized that branding has far wider scope than this. Realizing this, people started to explore more avenues into it.For a long time, the brand has been treated in an off-hand fashion as a part of the product (Urde 1999, p. 119). With the changing time, the needs and demands of the businesses were changing too. The contest today is to create a strong and distinctive image (Kohli and Thakor 1997, p. 208).This definition shows that the scope of branding has been broadened and besides providing identity to the product, it is also responsible for conveying to customers that brand message associated to that brand through the process of branding. The newfangled concept of branding is associated to a number of other related concepts. In order to make the brand successful and the high impact brand, one of the most essential part is its positioning. It is well known contrive in the marketing circles that those brands which are top in terms of customer recall are unfeignedly the leaders. Thus, brand positioning means that a brand should be presented as a response to more or less customer need, in order t o make it successful. For example, if a company sells the gondola cars. The brand manager of that particular car should see that what particular needs that car is going to fulfill for the customers and present the product as merely not the product, rather, the solution to that need of the consumer. Keeping in view the customer needs is simply one factor, others may include competitors move, emerging trends and so on and so forth. Besides, other factors of success include, targeted marketing, efficient segmenting and focused advertising and public relations. Targeting marketing and focus advertising are essential because, we cant market our product to everyone. there is a cost to it. Every second that runs an ad on any channels, it costs a bragging(a) some of money to the producer and this price is ultimately shifted to the customer. If lesser people Brand purchase that product, higher(prenominal) contribution from each purchaser is required. In todays world where there is cutti ng edge competition, one

Education and its Influence on Different Socio-economic Spheres Essay

genteelness and its Influence on contrasting Socio-economic Spheres - Essay ExampleIn many societies, education is defined as a pillar of strength, alleviating the hoi polloi from ignorance and paving the way toward a bigger and brighter future. Education systems perform a fundamental role in the development of human attitudes and behavior. It directly affects several spheres of day-to-day living from health, gender and democracy to interpersonal affinityships, environmentalism and nationality. Education and Health There is considerable evidence that education is strongly linked to health and to determinants of health such(prenominal) as healthy behaviour, risky contexts and preventative service use (Partnership for Child Development, 2013). However, education does not work out in seclusion from other factors, such as income. Income is a notably signifi potbellyt factor that interacts in many essential ways with education, as an influencing factor on health. This makes it hard t o assess their independent effects. However, data-based investigations often find the effect of education on health is at least as commodious as the effect of income. Education impacts on health in twain ways firstly by means of teaching that enables children to learn specifically about health (often known as skills-based health education) and secondly through the educational process as a whole which provides skills such as critical thinking and reservation choices that enable children to opt for healthy lifestyles (Partnership for Child Development, 2013). ... Certain differences between the two genders are biological they bone from physical and other differences that are linked to the antithetic genders. In most societies, men and women have different roles and statuses. Its easy to draw connections between the behaviour of men and women, and the physical differences that we can observe. The conclusion can then be drawn that differences in behaviour can be attributed to ph ysical differences between the two genders and that the differences in their social roles and positions grow out of their different patterns of behaviour, their abilities and limitations (Teachers Talking about Learning, 2002). However, upon review of biology, psychology, anthropology and education, we find that its very difficult to prove which behaviours in men and women arise from physical differences. Many differences, we find, could be produced by the different ways that men and women are brought up as children and arguably the education they receive. In relation to thinking and learning processes, and consequently the ability to learn, males and females are more alike than different. Education and Sex Evaluations of all-inclusive sex education programs show that these programs can help spring chicken delay onset of sexual activity, lower the frequency of sexual activity, reduce number of sexual partners, and increase condom and contraceptive use. Importantly, the evidence shows youth who receive comprehensive sex education are not more likely to become sexually active, increase sexual activity, or experience negative sexual health outcomes. Effective programs exist for youth from a variety of racial, cultural, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Researchers studied the National Survey of

Eng DB 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Eng DB 4 - Essay ExampleIts prose possesses a melodic quality which we generally come across only in poetry. It is a make do story in which the exquisite understatement only serves to highlight the passion.On further perusal, we are immediately struck by the wealthiness of imagery cleverly used by the author. Undoubtedly, as Anne Beattie says, Seconds and symbols are left to sum things up. We are close to swamped by the tidal wave of imagery and symbolism that carries us through the story.Snow, contrary to its usual intension of cold and desolation, is here used as a symbol of the love that somebody has for her lover a love that is pure, fresh and warm warm? snow?. This kind of contradictory symbolism gives us the first touch of impending tragedy and somehow fixes for us the disconnect that exists right from the start in the attitude of the deuce lovers towards their relationship.The chipmunk is the girl cherished in her lovers arms and carried to a house in the winter country side. He is manifestly older than she is and is rather bemused that this creature has come to share his world.Their house, in its winter isolation, appears to signify that their love needs to be insulated from the rough and tumble of everyday life if it is to survive again an indication of the slightness of their relationship. The only intruders are transient visitors.The scraping during the first week is symbolic of the lovers getting to know each other, discovering the layers of their old lives like wallpaper under wallpaper. The yellow paint signifies the beginning of their new life together, attempting to erect their past behind them. Once more, that stubborn vein of cynicism that runs through the story comes into play - the grapes represent the past which refuses to go away and lurks just beneath the surface, waiting to tenaciously push through the fabric of their present.The hearth is the token of the warmth of their love, which is amazing

Science Development and Computers Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Science Development and Computers - Coursework deterrent exampleThis paper would withal supplement to entailing the ethical reasons behind making use of computers as fast paced homosexualoids and also shedding some insight on the frequently growing artificial intelligence in the existence today. Conclusively it might be imperative to reason out the differences in the working of a human brain in retrospect to a central processing unit and how both these entities are in effect the working of the same principal thinking. Science developments and computers With the rapid growth in the information technology industry it is an ever so imperative fact that fast and reliable data transfers are the signalize to enterprise success in the upcoming future. While organizations battle out for the highest gains and profits, all it comes down in the end is to the fact that which company pertains to the fastest solutions and outputs, whereas this being the age of the integrated technological a dvancements it is no wonder that a lot has been researched for necessitating new methods and ways of providing fast data transfer and processing techniques. Before lunging into the expert specification of when and how an industry can optimize its information technological feats it is profoundly imperative that we seek the logical thinking and logic behind as to what causes an uplift in most technological advancements. ... With time we have seen that those IBM face-to-face computers have been effectively reduced into mere handheld smartphones today having more than four times the meat of memory and processing speed those early vintage personal computers could potentially offer. With this type of an increasing swop in trend and usage we can establish the datum that surface of the object has significantly touch on the experience these computers provide today and with specification from the study of material science it can duly be distinguished that ascertaining to the working si ze in a technological development makes way to a much compacter solution to the same specifications season sometimes working on molecular level can founder great optimizing results. With such reasoning we can surly address that the three things imperatively necessary to captivate any sort of material and integrated source are firstly the kind of atoms that embed the social system for example the use of silicon atoms as opposed to copper ones idealize the functionality of a microchip while subsequently how these particular atoms are bonded and arranged are the preceding qualities that are in close image with computational hardware development. The reactivity, density and malleability are also features that ascertain a physical influencing alteration but on a more fundamental aspect of modeling hardware the atomic size structure and behavior are the key material things that effectively model a wiser choice of technology. approaching back to the usage of silicon and how fast thi s tech seems to cater have fundamentally establishes that the developments in te technology and the express

Forestry Commission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Forestry Commission - Essay ExampleThe isolated unsophisticated of England, Scotland, and Wales consisted of three thousand employees made it even more voiceless to integrate interchanges. (McCann, 2003, p. 948.)The leaders in guardianship had been accustomed to doing things the ageing way. Some agnise that in order to implement change and to train their workforce, they had to change themselves. This was necessary in order to create teamwork instead of orders coming down from up top without the liaison of others. (McCann, 2003, p. 948.) The author reports that a manager in Forest District B stated that he realized that in order to create an environment that was team-based, he had to change himself. (McCann, 2003, p. 950.)Consultants helped managers analyze their own attitudes and behaviors. It was believed that at every level, the organizational culture was one of blame and that managers and their workforce would point the finger at everyone else. Leadership events were inter related to help alone transition from the old way of doing things to the new way. Regardless of these efforts, almost managerial belt up refused to change and some even quit. Fifteen selected to retire early and some managers were moved to other posts. (McCann, 2003, p. 948.) delinquent to the companys extremely hierarchical system, some were skeptical and even reluctant to change. Although the change process was gentle, team members cool off feel that despite the new district team approach, the entire company is still under the old way. They feel that although they argon encouraged to voice their opinion but even so, people are hangdog to really say what they think due to fear of the consequences. So they believe that although their district has made some changes, the overall company is still under the old system so there is much suspense and lack of trust and belief. (McCann, 2003, p. 950.) Resistance to change was also due to low morale and the feeling of hopelessness like the efforts would be worthless. Although the organization had already shown that it could make changes and deal with them, a problem seemed to be that they were all changed out. They felt that more and more changes were being imposed on them and that the only solution is that things dwell the same and no more changes. (McCann, 2003, p. 949.) Management had the capability to implement change by helping the ply members to grab the initiative instead of having, or feeling, change imposed on them. They had access to consultants to help them do their jobs in implementing, training, and monitoring the changes. They could help people look outwardly at the organization instead of what they are used to doing-looking inwardly. Management also implemented Connect workshop events which allowed group discussions to work through difficult issues that directly affect their workplace. Connect workshops allowed the senior staff to converse with staff directly. (McCann, 2003, p. 948.)These group d iscussions to come up with solutions helped to reduce the blaming question of why dont they fix it Rapid changes were mostly seen in the work culture when this dodging was used. The Connect events were voluntary and it was up to each district whether or not they wanted to participate. (McCann, 2003, p. 947.) The author states on page 948 of his writing that, The workshops provided a safe environment in which the participants could explore why some of the traditionalistic behaviours

Business Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Business Communication - Essay ExampleIn addition, it compromises the privacy of bouncy personal digital footprints.Use of social media communication has adverse effects on various(a) careers and growth of professionals globally. This plat variant encourages a lazy culture in workplaces. Many professionals are no longer mod and creative as before the introduction of social media. According to Kincel et al., this platform simply allows people to interrogation other for ideas at their comfort without trying to research or engage their minds to come up with alternatives. Consequently, this form of communication has reduced innovation around the world. Currently, professional are using readily available resources online to pull in various problems in their workplace. As a result, professional are deprived an opportunity to be modern and creative thinkers that lead to career development.Moreover, use of social media leads to cyberbullying especially of children by various strangers on the cyberspace (Kincel et al.). Family members especially children are vulnerable and are the primary target for cyber bullies. Anonymous individuals disguise and manipulate or abuse young kids through the internet. As a result, these attacks are always devastating to the victims. They lead to slack and fear among young family members. Thus, victims of the cyber bullying resort to suicide to ease their pain. In addition, some prefer to experience silently which leads to mental disorder. In order to prevent and eliminate such cases, family members are supposed to be discouraged from the excessive use of social media.Besides, these forms of communication also have adverse effects on personal digital footprints. Uploading of personal digital footprints into the social media platform can be detrimental to the owner. The various sites such as Facebook insists on retaining the copyright of anything uploaded to their site. This results in losing ownership of

Report about the aviation bureau Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Report about the aviation bureau - Essay ExampleIt provides air transport thickset data, which is summary information about the nonstop segment and on-flight market. This is a report by air carriers on Form 41 and 298C (U.S Department of Transport, 2015). The bureau gives airline on-time performance data. The data accounts for at least adept percent of domestic booked passenger revenues, which consist of scheduled and actual arrivals and departure times for flights, and it is report monthly.Other services offered are as follows. Origin and Destination Survey (DB1B) which includes data of origin, destination, and other way details of carried passenger and at least a sample of 10% airline tickets is taken from account carrier. American Travel Survey it includes national data on the nature and features of long-distance personal travels. melody support It provides comprehensive geographical data and carrier entities. Commodity Flow Survey It is conducted in all(prenominal) five yea rs and consists of shipment information. Intermodal Passenger Connectivity Database consist of national data table of passenger expat terminals with information on connectivity among the various scheduled public transportation (U.S Department of Transport, 2015). Small gentle wind holder Statistics is information on small carrier performance in booked or non-booked and charter services. Air carrier employees comprise of a number of employees of all major domestic air carriers. Aviation separatrix Database and Synopses are database of unsafe civil aviation incidents within the state and in global water. Accidents summary is a brief of all annual fatalities, injuries, and accident of all air carriers. Finally, aviation safety reporting remains is a collection of data sets relevant to aviation

HR and Leadership (new) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

HR and Leadership ( untried) - Essay Exampleather than close making. For HR to be leading the department should employ effective strategy and solution to resourcing and ensuring there is talents planning and development, service delivery is at its best with well-coordinated systems of communication which involves employee engagement and relations. Thus leading HR should be determined in executing and must reward employees on fair work done. supra all the human resource counselling should be of credible personality, driven to deliver, decisive thinkers, role nonplus and should have courage to challenge actions in the makeup. Organization is important to ensure delivery of services and achievement of objectives if structural careens are effectively managed (Woodrow, 2012). Organizational structure of any firms matters a lot as if its well organized it will be easy to effect changes because the values , believes and attitudes set by an agreement so there is well spelt out proc edure on how everything is coordinated in the organization including , communication systems and responds to the environment. Strategic human resource steering relies mostly on resource based see of the firm which suggests human resource practices leads to high performance and sustained in competitive environment. Top management should ensure high technology is employed in firms to enable HR practices build up mentoring, nominate incentives to performing workers and also enable performance appraisal which encourages development of working relationship (Collins&Clark, 2003). HRM and worker performance Human resource development can be achieved be ensuring you hire only qualified individuals with possible of learning and adapting to changes and schooling them to increase their performance and increasing knowledge assets in the organization. Human resource management creates value and increases firms performance and also increases interactions between employees and customers which in turn shapes customers perspective of the timbre of service they obtain from the firm. If the employee put time and effort in encountering customers needs this increases customers buying sort and trust in the firms products hence the firm is able to maintain existing customers and all gain new ones as customer experience ultimately attracts new clients. Commitment of human resource department, impact the willingness of employee to satisfy customers needs and the general performance of the firm (McClean, 2009). HR departments have being viewed as the greatest assets in any organization and are actively involved in selection , training and ensuring changes are implemented to increase the performance of the firm is competitive in the current environment which translates to good results both financially and product wise . HR department must comply with the organizations objectives in consecrate to ensure that any changes they impose are compatible with the clients needs. Before a ny change is proposed should be wide consultation among top management to ensure it

Curriculum Planning-Alignment Assignment Research Paper

Curriculum Planning-Alignment Assignment - Research typography ExampleMathematics presents low records in successive tests for the 9th, 10th and 11th. For instance, the subject recorded the lowest dozens of 3% and 17% in the Grade 9 and 10 respectively (USA, 2012). As such, this plan observes that in terms of subjects, improvement strategies should target Mathematics. In terms of grades, the 11th grade presented the best performance followed by the 10th grade and the 9th grade lights last with the lowest performance. This states that the 9th grade demand improvements thus, the action plan should rivet on such a group. According to the TAKS statistics, the performance increases up the grade levels. An objective that seems not to be met includes the need for students to underwrite the functional relationships. This means that students whitethorn get the answer exactly fail to highlighting the procedures, which were instrumental in obtaining such answers. The objective 10 equally seems not to have been met since students show change magnitude knowledge in understanding and utilization of mathematical tools and processes. Students Problems on TAKS A major problem associated with the TAKS is the fatality that demands students to show how they arrived at each answer thus, meeting the objective of comprehending functional relationships. Most students find this challenge since putting such an explanation on the paper is strenuous. As such, a student who obtains an answer but fails to justify his procedure scores poorly. According to Perna & Davis (2007), most TAKS tests provide vague questions with authentic answers not provided as one of the alternative of the multiple answers. Interestingly, students who fail such tests cannot proceed to the next grade level. Such questions come as a surprise and disappointment to most students who fail to comprehend the context of the test (Parkay, Anctil & Hass, 2006). Indeed, the test does not have an effective way of me asuring students ability hence, students who have sufficient knowledge may fail the test. Notably, most students find the broad curriculum provided by the TAKS quite challenging since they fail to comprehend the objective of the subject clearly. This indicates that objective 10, which necessitates persons to utilize tools and methodologies, has not been addressed. In fact, the program outlines numerous objectives, which confuse the students in the end (Perna & Davis, 2007). Subpopulation that has poor performance According to Statistics, the subpopulation of males performs poorly in Social Studies, and the subpopulation performance varies with subjects. The performance of males in the social studies subject may be attributable to the attitude of the group. Perna & Davis (2007) observes that most males have low interests on the subject. Indeed, males interest tends to decline towards acquirement subjects. Importantly, the female subpopulation presents considerable interest on social subjects hence moil social concepts easily. In fact, this position is supported by the high performances realized in mathematics and science subjects by the male subpopulations (USA, 2012). An Action Plan for improving student scores Addressing objective 1 alter the understanding of functional relationships Initially, the structure should entail examination of the lesson plans and program

From the book Complete Office Handbook Third Edition for todays office Essay

From the book Complete Office Handbook Third Edition for todays office by susan jaderstrom chapter 2 - Essay ExampleCareer advancement is quite relative. Darrel (2010) explains that advancement means climbing the bodied ladder until you reach the executive suite. People wish for advancement to improve their professional standing. It is however essential to emphasize that the level sensation may want to reach is relative. Career advancement is not an mechanical phenomenon in the bodily world. It actually bump offs the application of laid down strategies. It also take procedures to attain occupational group advancement.One needs constant professional upgrading to be able to climb higher on the corporate ladder. Jaderstrom et al (2002) note that employers are giving premium to the professional competence rather than academic competence. This is then in the right sense. This is because the office is a place for the exhibition of ones professionalism. Professionals who want to erup t their corporate standing must upgrade themselves. Those who want to secure their occupational groups must do same. Professional seminars, workshops and furthering of ones education improve career advancement.Jaderstrom et al (2002) laments that some employees only want to be gainers not losers. Such employees only look at what their jobs place offer them. They do not think of what they can offer their companies. Employees must show positive organizational belongingness. Some of these are commitment, punctuality, promptness and organizational ethics. display this belongingness will improve their chances of building their career advancement. Such employees will not to fumble when they eventually take higher positions.If you do not know where you are going, any road leads you there. This axiom emphasizes the need for career people to have goals. One must have a goal of where one wants to reach. This must be marked with time. This is a good way of ensuring career advancement. For ex ample an employee must know where to be by a certain time. This way, such an employee

Advantages of queuing theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Advantages of queuing possibility - attempt ExampleReneging happens when a prospective client decides to leave and forgo that service he is queuing for mostly beca economic consumption the adjust is too long. In this calculation the main principle is that the costs of waiting in queues atomic number 18 unremarkably inversely proportional to the timely cost of service. Queuing theories atomic number 18 set downly known to be simple as they normally require less data and it is known to produce results that are generic. This is the advantage of using queuing opening over the use of simulation as models of queuing theory. The theory is widely used in service edition sectors such health services area. Also in the same field of health care (Aaby et al. 575) describes the use of spreadsheets and spreadsheets software to implement the desired queuing network models of mass vaccination in the dispensing clinics. Another important typeface of software that forms part of such a system i s found in an emergency department. (Broyles and Cochran, 615) say it is sort of able to calculate the percentage number of patients who usually leave the emergency department without positively acquiring help. This can be d ace by assessing the arrival rate, utilization, service rate as well as the capacity of the health care. It is out of this percentage that they can be able to actually determine the gross that has been lost from the patients who left without being served. Disadvantages of queuing method Since the queuing theory models are mostly based on what is referred to as the exponential distribution, they work through applying these traits of exponential distribution. The main problem that comes with this is that in that this exponential distribution normally has a coefficient with a variation of one. This fact has the effect of precluding the modelling of any other surgical process that has a coefficient which is of variation significantly different from one. Therefore Because of the broken likelihood that any of a random process will just be having a coefficient of variation that is just one, this queuing theory is considered to have the disadvantage of low applicability and practicality. While the number of conjectures for most of these applications of queueing models is normally few, they sometime tend to be kinda irrational. This is clear especially when human queues are involved. From the theory, it is understood that human behaviour is uniform and can be determined. This is quite untrue because human character and behaviour vary from one human being to another. Thus from these assumption some critics have argued that the queuing theory cannot apply where human being are involved in the queue. The assumptions are not normally correct as human behaviour is not actually determinable. Where as one person shall behave in a certain manner, another person might act the actual opposite of what the other person did. For instance, one assumption c an be that a person is presumable not to enter a queue if he finds that there are too many mint already ahead in the queue. In reality, this may not be true otherwise, the situation would be that there would be no lines outside stores. Another point to discard the assumption there would no store opening on holidays for those maybe seeking to buy late gifts. The restrictive nature of the assumptions of the queuing theory is also another disadvantage that exposes the theory to criticism. The nature of the production lines is quite complex and cannot be richly explained by the simple models that are provided for by the queuing theory. Therefore in order to cure this there are specialized tools which have been developed in order to simulate, visualize, analyze, and finally

Analysis of The Neo Classical Theory of Economics Research Paper

Analysis of The Neo Classical Theory of Economics - Research Paper ExampleThe classical surmise of stintings introduced the concept of maximizing profits or utility as the base have for the rational decisions made by man. The economic man acts rationally so as to maximize the gains step forward of the action. In the slipperiness of individuals, the utility of the product decides on the price and the mart value of the product. In the case of the companies, it is the profitability of the company that would be the deciding factor. Another leading concept behind the neo-classical theory is that it in like manner accepted the fact that the individuals will act independently and their perception of what is profitable to them might vary. William Stanley Jevons (1871) in his originative rub down, The Theory of Political Economy says, Given, a certain population, with certain needs and powers of production, in possession of certain lands and other sources of material required, the mo de of employing their labour which will maximize the utility of their produce.The neo-classical was influenced by the thoughts of a tot up of economists of the twentieth century and the behavioral economics was adopted by the majority in lieu of the neo-classical. A modified version of this is termed the new classical economic theory and most of the current day work on economics is based on these principles. The new classical theory takes into consideration various factors that play up the economic decision making of the individuals (Emma Dawnay & Hetan Shah Jul 2005). It takes into account the behavior and choice of people based on various reasons not necessarily controlled by the sense of maximizing their utility or their value or their returns.Statement and its implicationsThe statement brings to the forefront of the seven basic principles that differentiate the new classic economic theory from the neoclassical one. However, this theory accepts the fact that economics is one of choice and preference. The logic of preference or economic decisions is controlled by the market prices, the return to the person or the company is going to get out of it and last the allocation of resources. Apart from these, the decisions are made based on a number of factors that are much behavior oriented rather than economics directed. Information flow in the market place affects the market price and creates a trend in the market. Information in todays world also has an impact on the economic behavior of nations. Behavior and psychology of a person have an effect on the decisions that are made by him.

Thomas Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase Essay

doubting Thomas Jefferson and the lanthanum purchase - Essay ExampleFirst, the Louisiana obtain served to double the size of the United States and consequently reduce the size of France dirt (Nugent, 15). This has delineate the size of the USA to present day, which would otherwise be smaller in size, period France would by now be an enormous territory (Blumberg, 22). Secondly, considering the enormous size of the territory that was purchased, and further considering the strategic position of the land, which had the greater control of the disseminated multiple sclerosis River as well as Port Orleans, which is a strategic facility for commerce and enthral, the purchase has defined the status of the United States, as a major deliverance in the world, and also as a superpower (Burgan, 11). However, the occurrence is also a major influence in the shift of the previous location held by President Thomas Jefferson, who was initially an anti-federalist, thus irrelevant to the uni fication of the different State on a lower floor one federal government (Cerami, 108). It is the need to have the Louisiana territory co-joined as a disassemble of the whole American union, owing to its strategic position for transport infrastructure and commerce that influenced President Thomas Jefferson to change is perception, and opt to have the whole territory linked under one jurisdictional control, to upgrade the economic prosperity of America (Lewis, 85). Nevertheless, there are twain major accompanimentors that define the Louisiana Purchase as one of the pragmatic decisions ever made in the history of the USA.... Secondly, considering the enormous size of the territory that was purchased, and further considering the strategic position of the land, which had the greater control of the Mississippi River as well as Port Orleans, which is a strategic facility for commerce and transport, the purchase has defined the status of the United States, as a major economy in the wo rld, and also as a superpower (Burgan, 11). However, the occurrence is also a major influence in the shift of the previous stance held by President Thomas Jefferson, who was initially an anti-federalist, thus opposed to the unification of the different State under one federal government (Cerami, 108). It is the need to have the Louisiana territory co-joined as a part of the whole American union, owing to its strategic position for transport infrastructure and commerce that influenced President Thomas Jefferson to change is perception, and opt to have the whole territory united under one jurisdictional control, to enhance the economic prosperity of America (Lewis, 85). Nevertheless, there are two major factors that define the Louisiana Purchase as one of the pragmatic decisions ever made in the history of the USA. First, the Louisiana Purchase was deflower by controversy, considering that there was internal and external resistance from the white settlers in the USA and the inhabitan ts of the French territory respectively, but President Thomas Jefferson still went ahead and implemented the decision (Nugent, 13). This happened despite the fact that it caused the irritation of secession move that was being advocated by the white settlers, to move out of the Union, poising their argument on the fact that the purchase

The factors that affect success in learning English as a second Essay

The factors that affect achievement in learning side of meat as a second language - Essay Examplethough many ESL teachers may be fluent in several languages besides side, they generally arnt fluent in all of them, and the language background of an ESL class can be diverse. Therefore, explanations usually must be do in basic English, command the child or adult at first in innocent ways with a lot of demonstration, pictures, and repetition, to understand English, to read it, and to declare it. (Ellis-Christensen. n.d.).It is doubly important for ESL teachers to have enormous mastery of the English language so that they allow be able to meet the required standards inevitable to impart the best knowledge to their students, especially as their classes advance into grammar discussions. ESL teachers should be able to focus on the most harsh problems of ESL students so as to help them more effectively and guide them on how to speak and write fluent English.As ESL teachers take u p advanced studies, they learn some of the more common mistakes expected from certain language groups such as the tendency for many Asian languages to omit the pluralization of excogitate endings. Some language groups dont need a specific order in sentences, Ms. Ellis-Christensen relates. Most students are level(p) unfamiliar with the English alphabet. Therefore, it is important that ESL teachers are flexible, have considerable expertise in teaching the English language, and are quick to adapt to the learning styles of their students (Ellis-Christensen. n.d.).ESL teachers must continue to strive to learn more English teaching skills. The British Council (http//www.teachingenglish.org.uk/transform/teachers/uk-courses-qualifications), claims that UK training providers offer a range of high-quality pre-service and in-service qualifications for English language teachers, as well as many degree-level and short courses on aspects of English language teaching.Basic skills training are of fered for trainee teachers, teachers in the early years of their career, or experienced teachers who are beginning to teach English. Developing skills are offered to more experienced English teachers while Specialist skills are made available for highly experienced teachers who are taking on more specialist, expert roles (The British Council. n.d.).It is obviously important for teachers to have a certain degree of skills in terms of mastery of teaching the English language, especially when it comes to dealing with students who do not speak English as their first language. Teachers need to come up with creative lesson plans that will not only feature it easier for their students to grasp the many nuances of the English language but also make learning an interesting experience for them.Teaching StrategiesMr. Kenneth Beare from About.com sums up the best English language teaching strategies in three very practical ways (Beare. n.d.). His first advice is to keep it simple. He says, One problem that teachers a good deal encounter is that of trying to do too much, too quickly and that the best way to approach teaching is to choose just one use or function, and focus on that specific point.Mr. Beares next advice is to mute down and use easy vocabulary. He explains, Native speakers are often not aware of how quickly they speak. Most teachers need to make a conscious effort to slow down when speaking. Perhaps more importantly, you need to become aware of the type of

Ethnographic essay about smokers Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethnographic approximately smokers - Essay ExampleSmoking becomes more welcome in early(a) culture and this could explain why there are more smokers in plastered group of people compared to others. To illustrate, I will compare my two friends can and Jose. John is a egg white whose roots hailed from Louisiana and we can say that John is all-American by cultural background and orientation. Jose on the other hand is an immigrant from Mexico and prides himself as Mexican. John and Jose are of the same age bracket of 17 years old. John hates smoking while Jose is a chain smoker. When asked why John hates smoking, he replied that it is dangerous to his wellness and that it stinks. He also narrated that his parents will not also tolerate him if he smokes and that there will be frightening consequences if he will smoke such as cutting off his allowance. This is a concern shared out by the American general public as they are now becoming more health conscious with parents who general ly dislike smoking.Jose on the other hand is more relaxed on his attitude about smoking. He said he knows that smoking is dangerous to ones health but he reasoned that everybody dies anyway. He explained further that smoking is more acceptable among Mexicans because it makes them look more macho or manly. It is important to stress here that manliness or being macho is more important among Mexicans than Americans. match to Jose, smoking is part of that cultural thing to look like a real man. He said that among Mexicans, parents are not that strict about their children who will smoke. This observation is validated with most of Joses male friends smoke at an early age.Another ethnographic profile of smokers is those people who are in need of stimulant drugs to do a certain job. They are the type of people whose vocation a view of thinking and imagination that they need to be in a mood to do it. Thus, a stimulant or a relaxing tool, such as cigarette is common for

Product Differentiation Essay Example for Free

Product Differentiation Essay interpretationDevelopment or incorporation of attributes (such as benefits, price, quality, styling, serve, etc.) that a products intended customers perceive to be dissimilar and desirable. advertising and promotion of a product is based on its resistentiating characteristics. Source http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/product- distinction.htmlToday, the grocery store is crowded with standardised brands, clamoring for the attention of customers. In order for their brands to stand out, companies strive hard to make them appear disagreeent from competing brands. This is product speciality. Product differentiation is an objective that a business may try to achieve through and through its marketing. Any business, must try to differentiate products from those of competitors, so as to gain a competitive touch over them, thereby imbibeing more customers. This difference bear be achieved by altering the product- making it interrupt than t hat of the competitors or it can be perceived- such as a virile brand identity developed in the promotional campaign.Need for product differentiationusually customers can non regularize the difference between competing products- hence the need to differentiate developing a competitive advantage point and differentiationA product may have a lot of attributes, but it is essential to decoct on only few of the attributes. Eg Volvo-safety, BMW-performance but it doesnt mean that Volvo does non perform or BMW is not safe. They have just center on those aspects of their products. Therefore their products result be differentiated on that picky attribute. If a product claims to be good at everything, you run the risk of consumers not believing what you say, counterbalance though you may have all those attributes. If a product is focused 1) more credible 2) customers will think that they are as strong in other areas.What to differentiateEasiest path to differentiate is on price, but it is least effective as competitors can always copy it easily. subject Indian computer market included companies such as HCL and IBM. Then came Siva from sterling computers which sold its computers at a cheaper price. Therefore others followed suit, and then Siva had to further differentiate its product in order to attract customers as competing products were similarly priced. Hence, it is better to differentiate on other attributes such as- features, performance, reliability, reparability, design, style, performance and so on.Examples1) Blackberry- separate by addition of BBM in their smart phones. Although other smart phones with IM platforms existed, Blackberry was the one of the first to carry this service to customers as a standard on its devices. Their competition did not have some(prenominal) such service at the time. This attracted customers. 2) Promise- People thought promise was different from other toothpastes as it had clove tree oil however even some other toothpa stes had clove oil, but only Promise focused on this attribute and hence it was perceived as a differentiating characteristic. 3) Hero Honda motorcycles- differentiated in terms of fuel efficiency- fill it shut it, forget itBranding and Product differentiationBranding is one way of differentiating products and services. Industries like the garments and tobacco industries, for example, use branding very effectively as the products within these segments are a lot very similar and have little to severalise themselves from to each one other. Branding helps to retain customer loyalty. Example Smokers, are very particular about their brand and believe that no other brand can meet them. In an experiment, 300 smokers who were loyal to 3 major brands were given an unidentifiable sample of each brand to smoke and were asked to identify their own brand.The result only 35% were able to identify the brands and nether the law of averages, pure guesses accounted for a third of correct identif ications. The reason for this was that brands of cigarettes within the same category (menthol for example) differ very marginally in terms of strength, flavourand taste, and it is difficult for a smoker to truly distinguish between them. The reason why a smoker is loyal to a particular brand is the advertisment. Eg Charminar it takes charminar to satisfy a man like you reinforces that only Charminar can satisfy the man who smokes themProduct differentiation vs USPUSP is not the same as Product differentiation.USP refers to advertising to communicate a products differentiation while Product differentiation is the process of describing the differences between products or services.Types of differentiationHorizontal Differentiation is by the customers taste perception/taste of certain characteristics of the product. (Same qualities/price, different style/taste/colour) Perceived value remains the same. (eg different colors of lipsticks) Vertical Products differ in some characteristic wh ich all consumers agree is best. Based on quality. Prices differ as perceived value differs (eg Different brands of lipstick Mac, Lakme, Lipice) Horizontal differentiation is about consumers wants and preferences, while upended differentiation focuses on the consumers willingness to pay for the quality.RememberDO NOT offer wildly exaggerated differentiation that the market does not want. (eg High priced mens toilet soap Aramusk was unsuccessful due to price)DO NOT negate useful and expansive differentiation by under attending to other move of the product- service package. The difference should be OVER AND ABOVE the MINIMUM expectations.Example Fancy hotels with poor serviceThe product is not differentiated until the CUSTOMER understands the difference . The consumer perception is what matters.

Beauty of Women Essay Example for Free

peach of Women EssayProposal I boast chosen to write close the comparison between the tillages that produced the genus Venus de Willendorf with the grow that produces the Barbie doll. While writing about the two subtletys, I will describe some common themes the palaeolithic culture and the modern culture share what our modern culture has adopted and those things it has rejected of which the Paleolithic culture held to high standards. Most beta through my writing I will show you how much our world views have changed from the era of the Venus de Willendorf to the modern world view of what the ideal char should look like and how the view of lulu should not be as superficial as the modern culture makes it out to be. Outline1. Intro a. Beauty is in the eye of the percipient, this saying can be proven by looking at the different cultures passim the ages. Beauty of a womanhood is much more than what she looks like, it is also what a womans body can produce and withstand, wh at is within her. Past cultures show us something that our modern culture tends to forget that cup of tea of a woman is more than what she may look like, a womans salmon pink is something that should be adorned. 2. Bodyb. Common themes between the Paleolithic cultures views on beauty vs. the modern worlds view i. One common theme on the view of beauty between the Paleolithic culture and the modern world is that both cultures worship a womans beauty each in their own way. c. Some differences between the view of beauty between the Paleolithic culture and modern culture. ii. The most obvious difference between the two cultures is the size/shape of a woman. In the Paleolithic culture an ideal womans shape is volumpsous, full figured and in the modern culture, the ideal womans shape is thin with large breast and wellspring preserved. d. How the view of a womans beauty has changed between the Paleolithic culture and modern culture iii. Beauty in the Paleolithic culture largely revolve d around reproduction, sustaining life while beauty in the modern world is about preserving, extending life. e. Conclusioniv. Throughout the ages and the different cultures the regard for a womans beauty has changed in some ways, but has stayed the same in others. No matter what the beholder believes beauty to be, the one constant of a womans beauty in all cultures and throughout time is that it can be a very powerful thing.

Unifying Effect Essay Example for Free

Unifying Effect Essay originally the advent of the nineteenth century, genus Argentina, like the residue of the Latin the Statesn region, had been under the rule of Spain. As such, its people had no clear cultural acknowledgment that would clearly pronounce their difference from their wide-term colonizers (Chasteen and Wood 106). As a result of the colonization, many Europeans make permanent settlements in different areas in Buenos Aires and the rest of the surface area. ace of the countrys most well known foreign-dominated communities is a settlement near the Riachuelo River, known as La Boca, of predominantly Italian residents1. When Argentina gained independence in 1816, social conflicts arising from racial and cultural differences were aplenty. La Bocas neighborhood exhibited this kind of struggle. Conflict in the community existed surrounded by the middle- break up Italians and the under split up mestizo tenants of houses owned by the immigrants2. The Europeans were pr otective of their cultural identity and viewed the influx of a large underclass a threat to their heritage. When football game became a popular culture in the country in the early twentieth century, the community gave rise to one of its own, the Club Atletico Boca Juniors3.This paper will look how Club Atletico Boca Juniors succeeded in promoting unity and cultural identity within a divided community during Argentinas hunt club for a unifying, internal identity that would eliminate social conflicts before the 1930s economic depression.1. Emanuela Guano, A stroll Through la Boca The Politics and Poetics of Spatial Experience in a Buenos Aires. property Culture Vol. 6 2003) 356. 2. Ibid. 357 3. Vic Duke and Liz Crolley, Futbol, Politicians and the People Populism and Politics in Argentina. world-wide Journal of the floor of lark about Vol. 18 (2001) 97 2 La Boca and the Class Struggle Within La Boca, one of the barrios or neighborhood in Buenos Aires, the capital city of Ar gentina, is celebrated for its pie-eyed Italian heritage particularly the immigrants passion for arts, work ethics, and family traditions and values4. When you pick up of these characteristics describing Italians, what comes to mind is a romanticized vision of a quaint neighborhood with smiling people and the taste of intellectual nourishment permeating the air.One wouldnt imagine an ugly part of the picture. Indeed, when you walk through La Boca, you will ensure structures three story high and tall sidewalks made to protect the houses from the Riachuelo River floods. The smell of pastry and bread interspersed with the smell of sewage from the river5. What a newcomer wouldnt know is how the middle-class Italian- Argentinian resented the presence of a large group of mestizos in the area, who were poor and often from the rural areas and other countries, seeking better fortune in Buenos Aires, which was then a city with booming trade6.For the large part, the immigrants distrusted these newcomers, owing to their darker coloring and uncultured ways. The immigrants believed that they pose a threat to La Bocas Italian identity. Often, the migrants were the subjects of unrelenting discrimination. The boquenses, as these middle-class Italians were called, created ways to define their heritage to draw the line among those who break and those who do not. One example of which is the boquenses characterization of the Italian-Argentine residents as the hardworking, honest lot, while the newcomers were delegated as being the anarchic mestizos (Guano 362).______________ 4. Emanuela Guano, A Stroll Through la Boca The Politics and Poetics of Spatial Experience in a Buenos Aires. Space Culture Vol. 6 (2003) 356. 5. Ibid. 360. 6. J. A. Mangan, The beforehand(predicate) Evolution of unexampled Sport in Latin America A Mainly English middle class Inspiration? International Journal of the History of Sport Vol. 18 (2001) 21. 3 In the afterward years, the children of the se immigrants strove for assimilation in the society. Instead of just being immigrants, they wanted to bewilder full Argentines.Although the electoral process was modified to grant them Argentine status, they were still basically outsiders7. This is one of the struggles that the communitys association football club was able to overcome. The Advent of Soccer and the Search for a National Identity in Argentina To understand better the social conflict in La Boca, it is important to understand how this kind of class division existed in Buenos Aires and all throughout Argentina and how the nation as a whole tack together a common anchor not through any political means, but by what started to be a European form of entertainment.The nineteenth century Latin America was a region of class conflict, diplomatic turmoil, capitalist exploitation, social inequality and political paranoia (Mangan 35). Great Britain was the primary force in Latin America, taking the place of Spain and Portugal bu t in a different manner. The Britons were no colonizers to these races. Instead, it forged a strong economic relationship with the region. Argentina at that time had a booming enterprise comparable to those of Australia, Canada and the fall in States (Mangan 12). As a result of Britain and Argentinas economic ties, some Englishmen settled in the country.To keep their ties to their motherland, the English started pushoveracting their own sports with no other major purpose than for their own enjoyment. Generally, the Britons kept to themselves. It was only during sports activities that they were in constrictive cultural and social contact ______________ 7. Matthew B. Karush, National Identity in the Sports Pages Football and the Mass Media in 1920s. academy of American Franciscan History Vol. 60 (2003) 12. 4 with the Argentines. The establishment of English sports in Argentina, in the long run, had significant cultural outcome (Mangan 13).Argentine soccer had its beginnings in 1 867 when the Buenos Aires Football Club was established by Thomas and James Hogg whose father was from Yorkshire, England. The association had its first game in June 20 of the same year, with all the players being British. The Argentine Football Club was founded in 1893, with Alexander Watson Hutton being its first president, later dubbed as the Father of Argentine Soccer (Mangan 26). Boca Junior was formed in 1905 and has held up until the present its pedestal in the Italian barrio of La Boca alongside the port in Buenos Aires (Duke and Crolley 97).Of all the sports that were introduced in Argentina, it was football that captured the sum of the masses. It gave them the chance to forget their troubles and create opportunities for pleasure and illusion8. In the early years of the sport, there two kinds of associations. One was the all-English clubs that value sportsmanship and fair play, while the other was comprised of topical anaesthetic players who played to win. While the Eng lish clubs practiced in schools, the other teams practiced in the streets and on wide stretches of vacant lands. This disparity in their learning is by chance what created the difference in how they play9.During the 1920s, a new clear-cutive, urban culture in Buenos Aires emerged. Football and tango modify into the highest representations of being Argentinidad (Karush 11). Football was seen by the government as the unifying force to create homogeneity among the Argentine masses and the foreign-born working class who, despite their assimilation in the ______________ 8. J. A. Mangan, The Early Evolution of Modern Sport in Latin America A Mainly English Middle-Class Inspiration? International Journal of the History of Sport Vol. 18 (2001) 35. 9.Vic Duke and Liz Crolley, Futbol, Politicians and the People Populism and Politics in Argentina. International Journal of the History of Sport Vol. 18 (2001) 97 5 society, often found themselves not fully belonging. Though football started as a popular culture, it later turned into a stepping-stone for the process of hegemonic nation building10. How Boca Juniors Affected La Boca The national identity images advocated by the new mass culture in the 1920s did not ineluctably made Argentinas population with differing interests turn into a harmonious community11.But at to the lowest degree in La Boca, the Italian immigrants found something in common with the migrant mestizos. Where once there were distinct boundaries established between the classes, that division did not manifest in the sports club. For once, the Boca Juniors association represented the community as a whole. The sport, being of English origin, made Italians and non-Italians both outsiders, thus fostering a common lodge between them. More importantly, the club provided the younger immigrants a chance to fully assimilate in the Argentine society, without being differentiated.Boca Juniors was not about the diversity in the community, but rather about the community as a whole. Boca Junior became the center of sporting, political and social aspects of the barrio where it was based. It came to represent the community and helped the children of the immigrant population get incorporate into mainstream Argentine society (Duke and Crolley 97). The club after rejecting any other name, chose Boca to express the strong affinity they progress to with their neighborhood. Boca, literally means, mouth of the river. Juniors, on the other hand, showed that10. Matthew B. Karush, National Identity in the Sports Pages Football and the Mass Media in 1920s. Academy of American Franciscan History Vol. 60 (2003) 12. 11. Ibid. 32 6 they consider themselves children of the barrio. In short, the Boca Juniors stand for Children of the La Boca neighborhood, dispelling any cultural classification between the middle class Italian immigrants and the visit class rural folks. But not only was Boca Junior a unifying force for its local community, it also establi shed Argentinas reputation in the world sporting community.The turning point in the countrys mention as a football great came in the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam when Boca Juniors won a silver12. Before that, Boca Juniors in 1925 made the famous tour of Europe that served as a foundation of Argentinas reputation in the football field. The team had a goal to show that they could play without too much violent contact, and at the same time win. Boca Juniors showed and astonished Europeans with their elegant and fluid movements, total control of the ball, masterful dribbling and the acrobatic, salient(ip) and artistic movements13.The Argentine football players proved that despite having a reputation of playing to win, it was possible to play and win the game using less physical strength and continuity (Karush 6). 2. Archetti, Eduardo P. In search of national identity Argentinian football and Europe. International Journal of the History of Sport Vol. 12 (1995) 205 13. Ibid. full treat ment Cited Archetti, Eduardo P. In search of national identity Argentinian football and Europe. International Journal of the History of Sport Vol. 12(1995) 2, 201 219. 9 November 2007 http//dx.doi. org/10. 1080/09523369508713903 Chasteen, James A. and Wood, John Charles. Problems in Modern Latin American History Sources and Interpretations, Completely rewrite and Updated. Latin American Silhouettes (2004) 106-110. Duke, Vic and Crolley, Liz. Futbol, Politicians and the People Populism and Politics in Argentina. International Journal of the History of Sport Vol. 18 (2001) 3, 93 116. 9 November 2007 http//dx. doi. org/10. 1080/714001587 Guano, Emanuela. A Stroll Through la Boca The Politics and Poetics of Spatial Experience in aBuenos Aires. Space and Culture Vol. 6 (2003) 356-376. 9 November 2007 http//sac. sagepub. com/cgi/content/abstract/6/4/356 Mangan, J. A. The Early Evolution of Modern Sport in Latin America A Mainly English Middle-Class Inspiration? International Journ al of the History of Sport Vol. 18 (2001) 3, 9 42. Rodriguez, Maria Graciela. The Place of Women in Argentinian Football. International Journal of the History of Sport Vol. 22 (2005) 2, 231 245. 9 November 2007 http//dx. doi. org/10. 1080/09523360500035867

Social Sciences Essay Example for Free

Social Sciences Essay1. Primary data ar those which are collected afresh and for the prototypic time, and thus happen to be original in character. They are gathered by the researcher for the special purpose of addressing the research problem. Secondary data, on the other hand, are those which have already been collected by someone else and have been processed statistically. These are collected for some purpose other than the problem at hand (Polonsky Waller, 2005 Kothari, 2005).Some of the disadvantages of using a newspaper or magazine article as lowly source are doubts in the reliability, credibility and accuracy of data as sources whitethorn non be known, and the obsolescence of data as well (Summers Johnson-Morgan, 2005). Primary and secondary data alone are not sufficient. They should be both used in research because secondary data can be lacking something that all primary data can provide (Groucutt, Leadley, Forsyth, 2004). 2. Television broadcasts such as news a re not totally valid as there is a tendency, especially in programs aimed at a broad public, to oversimplify data.News normally offers one set of secondary data. It would be a better drill to compare data from different sources (Walliman, 2006). The questionnaire, as a means for collecting primary data, should have nominal errors in its radiation pattern in order to minimize bias in reporting and to maximize the likelihood of generating information that is reliable and valid (Amedeo, Golledge, Stimson, 2008). A systematic research design is aimed to ensure that appropriate issues are taken into account. It provides the mechanism by which research processes and practices can be assessed.The research design lays the foundation for a sound hypothesis describing the interrelationship of variables and providing the researcher with a baseline from which to work. A good research design eliminates ambiguity in concepts, thus ensuring construct validity. The actual design of the researc h process ensures that no other variables can affect the study, hence enhancing internal validity. The research design also provides control to unwanted variables that may arise in the conduct of the research in order to uphold its external validity.Statistical tests are used as instruments to verify the validity of the hypothesis. Hence, if statistical information is wrong, the hypothesis will be incapacitate (Black, 1999). References Amedeo, D. , Golledge, R. G. , Stimson, R. J. (2008). Person-Environment-Behavior look Investigating Activities and Experiences in Spaces and Environments. New York Guilford Press. Black, T. R. (1999). Doing Quantitative Research in the Social Sciences An Integrated flak to Research Design, Measurement and Statistics. California SAGE Publishing.Groucutt, J. , Leadley, P. , Forsyth, P. (2004). Marketing Essential Principles, New Realities. London Kogan Page Publishers. Kothari, C. R. (2005). Research Methodology Methods Techniques. New Delhi New Age Publishers. Polonsky, M. J. , Waller, D. S. (2005). Designing and Managing a Research Project A channel Students Guide. California SAGE Publishing. Summers, J. Johnson-Morgan, M. (2005). Sports Marketing. Ontario Nelson Thomson Learning. Walliman, N. S. R. (2006). Social Research Methods. California SAGE Publishing.

Gothic conventions Essay Example for Free

chivalric conventions Essaygenus genus genus Dracula, as described in the play, plunder takings many forms of different creatures. Ranging from a skirt chaser to a mist. These creatures are described well in the play and create an atmosphere of inc blood-redulity for the reader. It in same manner shows just how strong Dracula is. This vampire which is amongst us is of himself so strong in person as twenty men This quotation shows us just how strong Dracula is and Bram stoker describes this well by comparing Dracula to a living thing such as man. It gives us a veracious idea of just how strong Dracula is/be germs. In the play it describes the many forms that Dracula rout out take The storm, the fog, and the wolf he can grow and be let small and he can at quantify vanish and come unknown. This describes very well the different forms that Dracula can take and the last bout of the sentence just creates that extra bit of suspense, which can take this play to the next level. and he can at times vanish and come unknown This is the phrase which kicks in that extra bit of suspense and gets the reader wondering what this means and how Dracula does it. It overall draws a better picture of the creature himself and what is realizable for him. He can transform himself to wolf, as we gather from the ship arrival in Whitby, when he take out open the dog he can be as bat He can come in mist which he create This is another of the forms that Dracula can take and as you betterment on with the story you get a better and better image of Dracula and the bureaus that he has inside him. Another single of the conventions is the weirdness of Dracula and how different he is in relation to the rest of mankind. He eat not as others. Even friend Jonathan, who lived with him for weeks, did never see him to eat, never This is very weird, as we all know because every living thing needs to consume something in order for its dust to keep functioning and to stay alive. only it seems as though Dracula is very different compared to earthly concern as Jonathan, who had lived with him, had never seen him eat. This must mean that there is another way in, which Dracula consumes which has not but been discovered. This part of the story creates suspense and gets the reader thinking about what Dracula exactly is and how he differs humans. It gets the reader thinking about how Dracula survives and what he survives on. He throws no shadow he make in the mirror no reflect This is another phrase, which creates suspense for the reader and shoes just how weird Dracula is and once once more it gets the readers thinking just what Dracula is. As we know everything and anything can throw a shadow as long as it is solid. The laws of physics tell us that. But Dracula someways doesnt throw a shadow. This means that he is defying the laws of Physics, which once again shows how unusual and how inhuman like Dracula is. The last quotation which gets the reader wonderin g about Dracula is He can see in the dark-no small power thisIt isnt a small power indeed as no human can do this, which ultimately confirms just how inhuman Dracula is. The convention of the journal will be looked at next. Minas journal has a lot to reveal about Dracula and her encounter with him. The first quotation I will take is the parted red lips, with the bully white teeth showing between and red eyes This is a credit which strikes fear into the mind of the readers and it gives a fairly good description of Dracula. The sharp teeth instantly gets you thinking and gives u a palpate of fear as u father to picture what this person may look like.The red eyes also instantly puts fear into the minds of the readers as it describes Dracula in a very fiery/inhuman way. The word daimon may come into the readers minds as they read this phrase. Silence If u make a sound I shall take him and daunt his brains out before your very eyes Here we are getting pretty gruesome as the writer takes a more graphic approach to the threat that Dracula makes to Mina. The very thought of someones brains be dashed before you instantly sends a shiver up your spine and gets you very involved in the passage as your brain instantly gathers an image of what it would look like if you were to be there.This slowly paints a better picture of Dracula and what he is capable of and what he has done before. Another chilling quote from Dracula is You may as well be quiet it is not the first time your veins defy appeased my thirst This is a very chilling quote, which refers to the blood in Minas body. It gets the reader thinking about whether or not Dracula is about to do what they think he is about to do. But straight by and by there is another quote, which describes just how unusual and powerful Dracula is strangely enough I did not want to hinder him.I suppose it is a part of the horrible curse that this happens when his touch is on his victim This quote gives an image of Dracula to be very inhuman like just like the others. It gets the reader into the story line and makes the reader believe more and more that Dracula is truly supernatural. But it seemed that a long time had passed before he took his awful sneering mouth away. I saw it drip with the fresh blood This can only be the action of a supernatural, as no human would even think of consuming someone elses blood.Dracula is a natural vampire as this sentence finally suggests and just shows what lengths the supernatural go to. Once again here a monster like image is created of Dracula and the instant feeling of fear kicks in as you read the sentence. The main(prenominal) reason that this sense of fear is created by the writer is because of how graphic the script becomes and how detailed it is and once again this instantly creates a picture in your mind of Dracula commencing with these gruesome acts. When my brain says Come to you, you shall vitiate land or sea to do my bidding This describes a sense of power, which comes from Dracula.This is typical as power is one of the Gothic conventions, which is used in this story to good effect as Dracula commands his front man and shows his power. Straight after this we go from power to the gruesome side of Dracula With that he pulled open his fit out and with his sharp nails opened a vein in his breast This is very gruesome and creates a sense of sickness for the reader but its all in the nature of Dracula as the story shows and Bram Stoker makes this very graphic once again which sends shivers up the readers spine. But even this is not enough. The writer goes one step further here as he goes into more graphic content When the blood began to jabber out, he took my hands in one of his, holding them tight, and with the other seized my neck and pressed my mouth to the wound, so that I must suffocate or swallow This once again is very unsavoury as it goes into great detail of how she is made to press her mouth against the blood spurtin g breast of Dracula. This creates a sickening image, which causes the reader to react in a way where he/she just wants to put the book down. As we move on to another extract in the story. We come to the part of the story where the Professor encounters Dracula himself.

Universal Health Care Is Socialism Essay Example for Free

Universal wellness Care Is Socialism Essayatomic number 63 is considered one of the most ideal places to live. Its fascinating history and beingness home to somewhat of the worlds most beautiful sights, who wouldnt want to live there. While those are extensive incentives, some educated might argue that there are better amenities if one decides to rest there. Aside from what I just listed, Europe is home to some of the best working conditions. A 30-hour workweek, protracted vacation packages, its wide-ranging early retirement benefits and its presidential term sponsored wellness deal coverage (Goldman). While some c in all this desirable, e trulyone calls it socialism. Socialism is an act of government stepping into the free market in an attempt to equally select goods to the public. Therefore the liberal agenda to enforce a universal healthcare system in the States is an act of socialism.America was built and is where it is today ascribable to our free market, or for a better term, capitalism. capitalist economy is having the power in the people, letting the people decide how and what they want to spend their money on with no interference from the government. Letting the people strive and attempt to achieve the highest paycheck is the best way to trip workers, therefore increasing the economic output as well as GDP. When a government offs more(prenominal) money away from the rich in hope to provide more for the lower classes with generous benefits for inadequate work, it can erase the incentive for hard work. Therefore decreasing workflow as well as total economic prosperity.Merriam Webster defines socialism as any of various economic and political theories advocating collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods. Socialism dates back to the 1700s during the french Revolution. The Industrial Revolution was seen as machinery replacing human labor. With poor housing, poor working c onditions, slave labor, and the richer, all led to the envy for a society that was more equal, and with these conditions continuing to grow, the socialist ideas caught on rapidly (truth-it).The socialist scratchment is instilled in Europe and, here in America, the Democratic party has pushing and pressuring the federal government into developing political and economic system, similar to Europes. This movement led by President Obama and his left(a) leaning supporters has been bringing Americas capitalistic system closer to the socialist left, that of Europe. Universal health care being a front-runner of his massive government spending plans has only been a glance of the socialist agenda and the true desires the President has for this country.The people of America needed to decide if they wanted to move in this counsellor or stick with our roots and continue on our free market economy. I believe that after this recent election and the Republicans winning a majority in the Ho wast ing disease of Representatives shows the direction most Americans want to focus our effort and energy as a country. That being in a more, free market, free of universal health care.This increase in government spending can only be financed by increasing taxes or government borrowing. While we should be open to all ideas, we should take a look at how socialism has affected Europe. The people of Europe are just at one time veneering the reality of their lavish lifestyle for the past few years, many people were not make as much as they were spending. Leading a breakdown in their economy and now facing the hurt of a deep recession.Universal health care falls into the realm of Socialism due to the fact that government would be responsible for funding this massive new program. Government would be despotic the distribution of the health care as well as funding. That definition could also describe the regulations already set in Europe, where is widely accepted as a socialist policy.Unive rsal health care would be an attempt to properly cover all Americans with adequate health care for a very low, if not a free, price. Stating that all Americans deserve health insurance and anything else is unacceptable. For this to become true government would choose to own and regulate the vast majority of health care therefore taking responsibility for the use and distribution health care.While many people are reluctant to dub universal health care as socialism, the truth of the matter it is. They need to realize if we go ahead with this act we testament be drifting away from our roots of a capitalistic society. Socialism has taken over Europe and is to blame for their current state.

The Effects of Internet Addiction Essay Example for Free

The effectuate of Internet Addiction Es scanThe Effects of Internet Addiction As we are living in a digital world, legion(predicate) the great unwashed spend too much fourth dimension using the Internet, and it is terrible to see more than 15 part of muckle spend more than 11 hours a week using the Internet in disparate moods. However, do you want to have many health problems or social problems because of the Internet? As you know, being an introvert person, having sleeplessness, and getting sore eye are the three common effects of Internet addiction. organism an introvert person is one way to affect your life negatively because of the Internet addiction. Many people believe that spending too much time in front of the monitor can fragment them from other people, and make them tone introvert, shy, and unsocial person. In addition to that, if the parents spend a lot of time using the Internet, they children will learn to do the same. Consequently, the children will be addi ctive as same as their parents, and that is really so bad for children and adults too.Having insomnia is yet another actor of Internet addiction. Since people stay many times searching the websites, chatting with their friends, and doing many things online, so they will get used to sleep late all(prenominal) night, which is too bad for their health. For example, if we used to watch online movies at night, especially the horror movies, we would be scared and feel that we do not want to sleep, which is leading to insomnia. Getting eye inflammation is one more reason of exaggeration to use the Internet.For instance, when you spend more than 11 hours a week looking at the figurer screen, your family will tell you that your eyes become reddish. Due to the Internet addiction and its disadvantages at our eyes, most of ophthalmologists say that we have to reduce of exposure our eyes to computer screens. Furthermore, do you want to have ugly eyes because of the Internet? In conclusion, it is clearly noted that being introvert, having lack of sleep at night, and getting eyes problems are enough effects to stop addictive at the Internet, and use it in balance way for significant reasons only.

The main purpose Essay Example for Free

The main project EssayBusinesses have operational areas so that the origin can stay organized. Functional areas are the line broken down in to small areas so it becomes easier for the business to be looked after. The main purpose of structural areas is to ensure that all important business activates are carried out efficiently. if the business is to achieve its aims and objectives. In addition, specialised areas will be responsibility for supporting specific types of aims and objectives. (BTEC first 2nd var. business). Functional areas rangy business organisations like Tate and Lyle divide themselves into different functional areas, this is because they have to be well organised to progress to all their aims and objectives possible and to make it an even easier place to work so that it can be much productive. There are different teams of population who are split into different functional areas so they are able to make the business operate more efficiently. All of the functional areas arent dependent on individually early(a) only have to work closely together for Tate and Lyle to operate.(http//www. coursework. info/GCSE/Business_Studies/Functional_areas_within_business_L65336. html) There are septet different functional areas in a business 1. Finance 2. Administrations. 3. I. C. T. 4. selling. 5. Sales. 6. Research and information. 7. node improvements. 8. Human Resources. 9. Disterbution. 10. Production. These are the ten main functional areas in a business. Finance for NHS is given by the government activity and the government recives capital from tax payers. Finance is one of the functional areas in a business.Finace deals with all the notes in the flowing through the business. Finance studies and addresses the ways in which individuals, businesses, and organizations raise, allocate, and use monetary resources over clock time, taking into composition the risks entailed in their projects. The term finance may thus incorporate ei ther of the following The study of money and other assets The management and control of those assets * Profiling and managing project risks As a verb, to finance is to brook pecuniary resource for business. (http//encyclopedia. thefreedictionary. com/finance).Administration is to a fault a functional area in a business that deals with keeping bring in of all the transactions that take place. In business, administration consists of the performance or management of transactions and other matters, and the making and implementing of major decisions. Administrator can serve as the title of the General Manager or Company Secretary who reports to a corporate board of directors. This use is archaic. (http//encyclopedia. thefreedictionary. com/Administrations) I. C. T is used in vertical rough business to help make paper work easier and makes it easier to keep records.Director General of NHS IT Richard farmer gave nearly insights into his approach for realizing the aims and objective s set out in Delivering 21st century IT supports for the NHS in June 2002. Referring to the publication, he said that when he started last October he inherited a working paper not an implementation plan. In his view, in the past, NHS ICT-based projects had largely stuck at the features phase, which meant that the NHS rarely got to the benefits stage. He described the pitfall of spending a long time, very much years, in the specification phase, which does not allow for the half-life of ICTs.By the time a specification is concord and a solution procured, technology has moved on and the solution no longer delivers the current requirement. Mr. Granger clearly intends the NHS to get to the benefits stages of all its ICT procurements in the National Programmer for IT. ( http//www. bjhc. co. uk/news/1/2003/6001. htm) Research and Development is also a functiomal area in business. Research and development is done so your bussiness can provide there nodes changing needs. Research and deve lopment How to anticipate and adapt to your guests changing requirements.Find out about non-financial schemes and networks to help your business with research and development. * Credits and allowances can reduce your tax bill if you spend money on RD. (http//www. businesslink. gov. uk/bdotg/action/layer? topicId=1073859020) Customer Service Customer service is involved with dealing with customer enquires and certain(prenominal) problem that may arise with complaints, this is customer operate comes in and deals with the problem solving of certain things that a customer may face. Good Customer Services = Satisfaction. Good customer service is the lifeblood of any business.You can offer promotions and slash prices to bring in as many new customers as you want, but unless you can get some of those customers to come back, your business wont be profitable for long. Good customer service is all about bringing customers back. And about sending them away happy happy sufficiency to pass p ositive feedback about your business along to others, who may then try the product or service you offer for themselves and in their turn become repeat customers. (http//sbinfocanada. about. com/od/customerservice/a/custservrules. htm) Customer Service Software Flight deck the way to provide genuine customer services.What is Good Customer Care, its something that makes your customers quick to do business with you Customer Satisfaction, use Flight deck and be amazed how easy it is (http//www. flightdeckcrm. co. uk/customer-service-definition. aspx) Marketing Marketing is all about meeting customres needs. it Is a functional area in a businesses, markiting looks at the four ps wich are prouduct, prise, promotion and place. These are the four ps that the marketplaceing departmant has to look at through the customers eyes. Marketing research research that gathers and analyzes information about the moving of ripe(p) or services from producer to consumer.Market research is broader in scope and examines all aspects of a business environment. It asks questions about competitors, market structure, government regulations, economic trends, technological advances, and numerous other factors that make up the business environment. (See Environmental scanning. ) sometimes the term refers more particularly to the financial analysis of companies, industries, or sectors. In this case, financial analysts usually be given out the research and provide the results to investment advisors and potential investors.(http//encyclopedia. thefreedictionary. com/marketing+research) Sales Sales are also a functional area in a business and businesses. Sales are the exchange of a good or a service for money e. g. card, cash and check. Sales, or the activity of selling, form an organic part of commercial activity. It could be argued that it is the cornerstone of business as it is the meeting of buyers and sellers and all other areas of business has the goal of making that meeting success ful. Mastering sales is considered by many as some signifier of persuading art.On the contrary, the methodological approach of selling refers to it as a systematic process of repetitive and mensurable milestones, by which a sales soulfulness relates his offering enabling the buyer to visualize how to achieve his goal in an economic way. (http//encyclopedia. thefreedictionary. com/sales) Human recourses Human recourses are functional areas in a business and it is for the employees (staff) of the business. Human recourses is in charge of recruiting new employees for the business and ensuring that the employee is trained and is suitable for the vacancy available.Human recourses aim to keep good and experienced workers so that business has a low staffs turn over, all employees have needs and expectations, just like customers the business has to look after it staff, this benefits the business because the staff be come more incite because there needs are being meet. Human resources are the field of personnel recruitment and management. The person employed in a business or organization is staff. The number one glossary mite and question that people request is What is the definition of human resources? William R.Tracey, in The Human Resources Glossary defines Human Resources as The people that staff and operate an organization as contrasted with the financial and material resources of an organization. The organizational function that deals with the people Long a term used sarcastically by individuals in the line organization, because it relegates humans to the identical category as financial and material resources, human resources will be replaced by more customer-friendly scathe in the future. (http//humanresources. about. com/od/glossaryh/f/what_hr.htm).Disterbution Disterbution basically is the goods getting diliverd to the right location, right time and in good codition. Disterbution functions Ensuring all goods are appropriately stored before dispatch Ens uring goods for dispatch are securely packed and in good order labeled Checking vehicle loads are safe and secure Ensuring goods are dispatched at the right time Checking that all deliveries match orders precisely and notifying sales if there are a discrepancy Completing the lurch document Planning and scheduling vehicles routes.Notifying sales staff of delivery schedules so that customers can be conscious * Dealing with distribution problems e. g. through bad weather or vehicles brake down. (BTEC first 2nd edition business) Production Production is the making of the product or good. drudgery could be one of the flowing Manufacturing, a branch of industry that processes raw materials into finished goods for sale. Production, costs, and pricing, in microeconomics, the act of making things.Mass production, the large-scale production of standardized products using an assembly line. (http//en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Production) NHS functional areas are Finance Administrations. I. C. T. Re search and Development. Customer Services.Human Resources. HMV functional areas are Finance Administrations. I. C. T. Marketing. Sales. Research and Development. Customer Services. Human Resources. Production. AGRICULITURE farms functional areas are Finance Administrations. I. C. T. Research and Development. Customer Services. Human Resources. OXFAMS functional areas are Finance Administrations. I. C. T. Marketing. Sales. Research and Development. Customer Services. Human Resources. Disterbution.

John Winthrops City Upon a Hill Essay Example for Free

John Winthrops City Upon a Hill EssayQ. What did John Winthrop mean by a city upon a hill? A. When John Winthrop states that wee must Consider that wee shall be as a Citty upon a Hill he indicates that the settlers who argon to settle in the New human beings must hold their business and social and religious activities to a level above reproach, because they will be a test case to a world waiting for their settlement to fail. With the eies of all people be uppon us, the settlers must provide a shining example for others to follow behind. The Puritans believed that the conditions they were living in England had change state extremely corrupted and so they left for the New World so that they could find seeditys to advance themselves and become better Christians. Because the corruption in England could not be fought from within England itself, it would have to be fought by beginning a new and model colony that could be looked upon as a representation of the way a truly Christia n society should function in a manner that gives glory to God. Q.What does the authors musical composition style tell you about the Puritans who settled in Boston? A. John Winthrops style of writing reveals several interesting facts about the Puritans who settled in Boston. First, God and Christian principles are mentioned in nearly ever sentence of this writing. The Puritans believed that their belief in God was the most important tone of their lives, and so they incorporated that belief into e real part of their daily lives. Next, the style of writing represents a simplistic form of expression, using all everyday terms and no obscure language.The Puritans were known to be very plain-spoken individuals. This is not to say, however, that they were uneducated, as this body of work shows clarity of thought as well as a well-constructed call to action to become a city upon a hill. Finally, John Winthrops style of writing indicates both a phonetic way of spelling as well as a formali ties in speech itself. Almost a form of middle English instead of modern-day English, the spellings of versatile words are much more flowery than the essay itself.

Computers and Ethics in the Workplace Essay Example for Free

Computers and Ethics in the Workplace canvasThis paper discusses issues with morals that sacrifice derived in the workplace as a result of the use of fear calculating machines. The definition of computer ethics is simple they are a assemble of moral principles that intend to athletic supporter with the regulation of the use of computers. Some common problems with computer ethics consist of privacy concerns, talented berth rights, and the way computers have an effect on pot. In separate words, computer ethics refers to the ways people take respectable traditions and test, stretch, apply, negotiate and break in the realm of computer technology. As technology lapses to evolve, in that respect are a great grass of ethical issues and principles of behavior concerning privacy and accurateness for managerial leaders to deal with. In finding the issues of ethics that the Technology Age has brought to the workplace, organizations must be hands-on when it is while to play up ethical use of technology by employees. Making sure that employees are knowledgeable on the confabmly policies the organization has on computer ethics.Promoting good computer ethics is a great way for companies to deem morale high and unnecessary issues from arising in the workplace. Introduction As technology like computers progresses, they will continue to contain a larger impact on people in todays society. For that reason, computer ethics supports the how some debate on just how much influence computers need to have in human communication. With computers evolving constantly, ethical standards will continue to be constructed by computer ethics and will evermore have newer concerns that come from recent technology.With the new changes in technology like computers, more supervisors are manage with having to manager employees for proper use of company computers they have to stay informed of all new ethical problems and the laws that were created to enforce ethics with work ers. These are problematic areas, particularly with the arrival of the World Wide Web. To date, there have been problems with employees using company computers for purposes other than work. This subject has become more of a problem in todays society and has been addressed by employers by monitoring computer usage, creating ritten policies, and enforcing other tactics to apprize and inflict the ethics of computer use to employees at all levels. This paper topic was inspired through my own experience of an employer who felt that productivity was lower than past years, due to employees who utilized the lucre for reasons other than work. Today, we have monitored email and they are able to tell what Internet sites we visit daily and the duration of the time we are on that site. I must say as an employee, I felt violated for not being able to utilize the Internet throughout the day, as I am someone who even gets my work done each day no matter what.But I can see their reasoning behind and cannot blame them for throwing an eye out. Current Situation Ethics is a set of truthful principles that oversee the actions of people. As a result, computer ethics goes hand in hand with ethics with the intention to control how employees use computers. Often times, frequent issues with computer ethics consist of privacy concerns, intellectual property rights, and the way computers have an effect on people. In other words, computer ethics refers to the ways people take ethical traditions and test, stretch, apply, negotiate and break in the realm of computer technology.A circulating(prenominal) study shows how computers are making a heavy affect on ethics at work. single study said that almost half of the people they polled said they have participated in some good-natured of unethical act that relates to computers at work in the last 12 months. Another study form that one out of six working people believes conventional thoughts of moral and immoral have been superseded by n ew technologies (Websense and Saratoga Institute). These days, its almost impossible for one to keep up with how fast technology advances and has a significant influence on how we do business these days.Corporations, management and employees have to be able to keep up with the changing times in order to be competitive in their profession. The Internet creates an provoke predicament, with many employees utilizing it at work on a daily. The main concern is whether communication and information by way of the Internet should be monitored this concerns both business and personal communications at work. This issue of employees and the Internet at work is a concern of many employers and managers, because in most cases it affects productivity

Evaluating The Spawning Techniques For Bivalves

Evaluating The Spawning Techniques For BivalvesControl of riposte is a prerequisite in modern bivalves aquculture industries due to un tried and true quantity and quality of natural hassle as well up as market demand on standardized products. Spawning is building blockary critical note in bivalves hatchery, together with fertilization and larval rearing, thus a lot of research has been done to look for prospective methods and understand the process within. Various means in spawning proficiencys be presented herein, i.e. gamete stripping and spawning knowledgeableness by chemical substance or physical stimulants. Where relevant, advantage and disadvantage of each technique are discussed and compared.IntroductionBivalves are aquatic animals belong to the phylum Mollusca which characterized by two calcareous shells covering a soft body, encompassingboth leatherneck and fresh-water species both marine and fresh-water species. Some well-known bivalves, such as clams, adorn, mus sels, and oysters has been successfully cultured since decades or centuries ago (Nash, 2011). Nowadays, bivalves and early(a) members of molluscs accounts for nearly 30% of aquaculture production with volume more than 50 million tonnes in 2006 (FAO, 2008). intense production is needed to meet market demands on edible and full(prenominal) value bivalves (pearl oysters). One valuable key of intensification is suss out over all of the production steps, including management of reproduction which volition lead to higher(prenominal) productivity with lower cost in order to reach best efficiencies and standardized products. Controlled spawning of molluscs is the best focal point to obtain reliable supply of quality seeds and reduce dependencies upon unreliable natural spawning events to collect spat.The development of bivalves hatchery was started in 1879 when William Brooks demonstrated that oyster eggs could be spawned and developed into the larval stage in research laboratory (Ca stagna, 1983). No make report on artificial propagation of bivalve molluscs until 1920s when William Wells successfully reared oyster larvae. These two findings provide important data for further development in molluscan aquaculture.This article will describe a number of common spawning techniques for bivalves, which divided into 2 categories gamete stripping and spawning induction. Henceforward, gamete stripping is considered not induction since the word induction refers to a persuading or stimulating action, whereas another authors may define the other way. reward and disadvantage considerations of each technique are included, particularly in relevance with practical farming aspects.1. Gamete findAs the name indicates, this procedure involves removal of gamete from gonad tissue. Briefly, fully ripe gonad overlies the digestive package was slash repeatedly with scalpel and washed with filtered brine to harvest the gametes. Microscopy examination is needed to determine sex and manner of the ova and sperms. Therefore, solo well-trained operators can carry it out because of high level of difficulties.Due to its issueiveness, gamete stripping has been widely apply to obtain gametes in many Bivalvia species. Pacific oysters (Suquet et al., 2007), pearl oysters Pinctada fucata (Alagarswami et al., 1983a), and European flat oysters genus Crassostrea gigas (Shpigel, 1989) are several(prenominal) of organisms successfully spawned using gamete stripping. Furthermore, this technique obviously the only way to obtain suppurate gametes for species that can not be spawned by any physical or chemical stimulation.In some bivalves, viable eggs does not necessarily obtained immediately later on stripping because naturally a series of activation process takes place in follicle prior to spawning, i. e. removal of germinal vesicles and formation of germinal ear (Loosanof, 1953 Southgate, 2008). Loosanof and Davis (1963) treated eggs of Mercenaria mercenaria with 0.1 N ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), but the embryos did not develop well and leading to low percentage of normal larvae compared to their naturally spawned counterparts. So far, no reports about detail mechanisms on how NH4OH activates eggs, while comprehensive understanding of the process is absolutely important for optimization or probably backing NH4OH with another potential substance.Stripping itself is a destructive and lethal method, thus it is not a sustainable way to maintain broodstock collections. Sacrificing quality broodstock must be invaluable loss that all hatcheries try to forefend it. Likewise, pearl oysters hatcheries prefer another spawning method that has no detrimental effects, considering the high value of the product and the oysters itself (Southgate, 2008).2. Spawning trigger by Physical and Chemical Means2.1 Chemical stimuli2.1.1 Injections of sex steroidsThe presence of steroids in molluscs has been identified by Hagerman et al. (1957) and its fluctuations h ave a strong correlation with sexual maturation, gamete release, and sex determination in bivalve (Croll and Wang, 2007). A serotonin, 5 hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), works synergistically with steroid for those functions because steroids regulate 5-HT receptor on the membrane of gametes (Kadam et al., 1991). Combinations of 5-HT and steroid intragonadal injections are the close to widely used in aquaculture farming practice.Efficacy of steroid treatment must be assessed on species basis because a particular steroid may give different results in different species. Similarly, one species could give various responses to some steroids, even if they have similar chemical structure. Published reports by Wang Croll (2003 2004 2006) relieve clearly about gonadal maturation as well as spawning responses in sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus towards a number of steroid injections, both in vitro and in vivo.In vitro study by Wang and Croll (2003) shows 10-5-10-8 M progesterone and 17-estradi ol potentiated gamete release in 5-HT-induce gonads tissue of P. magellanicus, both fe masculine and/or male. On the other side, testosterone (10-5-10-7 M) was only effective in male and no significant effects on dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and 4-androsterone injections. operation of steroid inhibitors and control group (5-HT-incubated gonads) in the experiment strongly suggest steroids and steroid receptors involve in molluscan reproduction.Those results are confirmed with in vivo study by Wang and Croll (2006), although slightly different. Progesterone, which is able to initiate gamete release in male and female gonads tissue in vitro, demonstrated inhibitory effect in 5-HT-induced female P. magellanicus. another(prenominal) interesting fact is the number of gametes released (spawning intensity) are sharply increased up to 300% and the response measure after(prenominal) injection (spawning latency) reduced about 30%.Despite of its advantages, administration of sex steroid in bivalves farming apparently impose additional cost since serotonin must be used in parallel to obtain optimal result. In-depth economic calculations might be necessary to reach a correspondence between cost and benefits.2.1.2 Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)H2O2 application to induce bivalves spawning was first reported by international Morse code et al. (1977). He and his colleagues found that addition of 5mM of H2O2 to alkaline seawater successfully induced spawning, in both male and female gravid abalone Haliotis rufescens, within about 3 hours after the first addition. This effect results from activation of prostaglandin endoperoxidase by peroxides, which eventually triggers the spawning response.Their paper convincingly pointed that H2O2, neither another contaminants nor substances, initiates the spawning (Table 1). Destruction of H2O2 by catalase and mercaptoethanol (reducing agent) in effect blocks spawning. Aspirin, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin peroxidase synthe sis, shows endoperoxidase synthesis is required for induction of spawning by H2O2.Table 1. Induction of spawning in gravid H. rufescens discourseTotal Number of AnimalstestedSpawnedControls77 (47F, 30M)3 (2F, 1M)H2O18 (13 F, 5 M)0H2O231 (17 F, 14 M)30 (16 F, 14 M)Aspirin, then H2O226 (12 F, 14 M)2 MCatalase, then H2O25 M0Mercaptoethanol, then H2O25 M0Note F = female, M = male. germ Morse et al. (1977)Nevertheless, less success was achieved in Indian pearl oysters P. fucata with H2O2 treatment as with abalone did (Alagarswami et al., 1983b). balmy spawning only occurred with 6mM H2O2 for 5 hours immersion. Supplementation of seawater with Tris buffer at pH 9.1, which usually effective for abalone, does not works well for P. fucata. These conversely results indicate H2O2 concentration must be optimized for any cultured species, sometimes in combination with other treatments.Since peroxide method is a simple and rapid technique, an assay for spawning bivalves which previously known d ifficult to spawn can be developed quite easily. Morse (1984) has been able to secern optimal conditions for gametogenesis and spawning of green (H. fulgens), pink (H. corrugata), and black abalone (H. cracherodii) using peroxide method. Spawning of these animals can be induced by H2O2 in a slightly high temperature (20-25C).2.1.3 Injections of neurotransmittersserotonin, 5-HT, is the most widely used and probably the most potent neurotransmitter for artificial spawning purpose. In vitro study shows ovarian tissue of Patinopecten yessoensis released high number of eggs after been immersed in 10-6M serotonin (Matsutani and Nomura, 1987). The study also demonstrated interaction between serotonin and its receptors in ovary, as well as on how prostaglandins regulate serotonin performance in scallop.The efficacy of serotonin in vitro was confirmed in many in vivo studies. Gibbons and Castagna (1984) injected six species of bivalves with 2mM serotonin, nearly similar to the concentration used by Matsutani and Nomura (1987), and all of them spawned as expected with spawning latency 15-30 minutes (Table 2). For an unknown reason, there is a tendency serotonin more likely affected males than females.Table 2. Number of bivalves spawned by 5-HT injectionSpeciesTreatmentNumber ofTestedSpawning MalesSpawning FemalesArctica islandicaControl7000serotonin70154Argopecten irradiansControl3521Serotonin35291Crassostrea virginicaControl3000Serotonin30210Geukensia demissaControl2010Serotonin2081Mercenaria mercenariaControl7000Serotonin32911621Spisula solidissimaControl4501Serotonin45189 microbe Gibbons and Castagna (1984).Positive result was also obtained in giant clams, only Hippopus hippopus was less sensitive to serotonin (Braley, 1985). some other tested species (Tridacna gigas, T. derasa, T. maxima, T. crocea, T. squamosa) did very well in terms of spawning latency and spawning duration, even with a low acid of serotonin. Therefore, injection of serotonin provides reliable way to induce spawning in giant clams, besides gametes-overlay method.Velez et al. (1989) carried out a more comprehensive research to see effect some neurotransmitters upon spawning induction in scallop Pecten ziczac. inclined the number of neurotransmitters (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine), only serotonine could induce spawning process. Moreover, they noticed that females give less response to serotonine than males do similar to what Gibbons Castagna (1984) found.2.1.4 supplement of gametesTridacnid clams, such as T. maxima and T. squamosa, can be induced to spawn in captivity by introducing gonad extract from the opposite-sex into the mantel cavity (Gwyther and Munro, 1981 Munro et al., 1982). Three different gonad extracts were performed gonad biopsy, freshly unify gonad, and freeze-dried blended gonad. Unfortunately, the author did not compare the treatments and describe the relevant results more detail.This induction technique is fairly simple in principles and impl ementation. Spawning occurs simply because synchronized release of gametes, on which gamete act as chemical cues or pheromones (Soong et al., 2005), a natural adaptation to increase external fertilization probability for broadcasting-gametes organisms.2.1.5 Ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated seawaterSeawater irradiated by light was a very powerful spawning inducer. Window-pane shell Placuna placenta responded quickly after been immersed in UV-irradiated seawater (Madrones-Ladja, 1997). The average number of eggs released per female using this treatment is as high as in serotonin treatment furthermore the stimulus did not affect the viability of gametes.Besides of its reliable efficiency, this technique is very cost-effective and simpler than serotonin injection. It is also applicable for either individual or big money spawning, and does really works for both sexes of bivalves.2.2 Physical stimuli2.2.1 Temperature manipulationManipulating water temperature is the most popular methods of sp awning induction in bivalve hatcheries mainly because of its ease of application and reliable effectiveness. This technique has been studying intensively and implemented in pearl oyster P. maxima (Southgate and Beer, 1997) and various edible bivalves, such as American oyster Ostrea virginica (Soria et al., 2010) and briny water bivalve Corbicula japonica (Baba et al., 1999).Reproductive physiology of O. virginica has been discovered more than decades ago, thus artificial reproductive control method has been set up very well (Galtsoff, 1938a 1938b 1940). Sudden change in water temperature from 20 to 32-35C was found effectively stimulate spawning than long exposure to lower temperatures.In C. japonica, rising the temperature must be accompanied by salinity. Baba et al. (1999) demonstrated temperature 26C with salinity 2.3-4.5 practical salinity unit (psu) give optimum yield. Moreover, addition of gamete suspension into the water is able to increase its fecundity. These three differen t factors may bring some complexity in terms of hatchery practice because optimization of those components is more likely indispensable.2.2.2 organisation of microalgal foodImmersing razor clams Siliqua patula in high density of phytoplankton is the only method so far that scientifically effective to induced spawning process. Breese and Robinson (1981) found 2-2.5 million cells ml-1 microalgae Pseudoisochrysis paradoxa stimulates razor clams to spawn. No published report that explains this phenomenon, so the exact mechanism does not understood well. It is maybe only a raw material instinct of reproduction in nature when food present abundantly in environment.This method could be a good alternative instead of gamete stripping. The number of eggs released per clam as well as hatching rate was much higher compared to those obtain by stripping. In terms of aquaculture practicality, this technique is considerably easy and fairly inexpensive.3. ConclusionsThere are numerous techniques t o stimulate spawning process in bivalves. Basically, they are only mimicking natural process involved in natural reproduction cycle. No one of those techniques is more superior to another, therefore choosing the appropriate technique should be based on species cultured. Any cost associated, for instance chemicals and equipments, must be also taken into consideration.