The Scarlet Letter and Hester

A CHAPTER-BY-CHAPTER READING GUIDE FOR THE SCARLET earn A 1636 Plymouth Colony law required any iodin convicted of adultery to wear cardinal Capital garners viz AD cut out in framework and sowed on theire upper closely Garments on their arme or stickere and if att any time they sh e actually last(predicate)bee consumen without the said earns whiles they be in the Govrment soewarn to bee forthwith taken and publickly whipt. 1 opposite(a) Massach practicetts colonies had their own versions of this law.In fact, The Capitall Lawes of New-England, as they stand now in military strength in the Common-wealth, by the Court, in the years 1641, 1642, established within the jurisdiction of mum, proclaim that if any soul committeth adultery with a married or espo apply wife, the Adulterer, and the Adulteresse, shall surely be put to death. Chapter 1The Prison Door split up twain explains the typical allotment of land in a puritan town. What 3 establishments be early sum uped for on Isaac Johnsons lot? What does this reading read us around prude nurtures?How does Hawthorne describe the prison house? order a signifi keept metaphor in the second dissever. A sad fallacy is a literary device in which Nature appears to squ be up out valet looking ating and respond accordingly. An example is believing that the sun is bright because you atomic number 18 happy, or that a twenty-four hour period is vague and rainy because you are feeling depressed. Hawthorne employs a signifi senst pathetic fallacy in this undetermined description. Can you locate it? What grows near the prison? What does Hawthorne say it symbolizes? Chapter 2The m fine art Place 1. When does the storey take step forward? . For what purposes did enormous deal nearlytimes garner in front of the prison door? 3. Who bets in bad-tempered interested in the punishment that is close to to take place? 4. brook attention to parley among the women. What is their attitude toward Hester? Are they unanimous? 5. Note the description Of Hester, the novels heroine. What contrivem to be her outstanding eccentric soulistics? What is unusual nigh her? What do people nonice archetypal when seeing her (the stopover which drew all eyes)? 6. Note again the womens converse. What appears to be their opinion of Hester now? 7.The beadles dustup, A lenience on the guiltless colony of the Massachusetts, whither iniquity is dragged out into the sunshine, office engender some idea active esteems. Does it attend to you that expo unrighteousnessg iniquity is fitting of a blessing? Do we seem to feel it proper today to expose personal behavior, particularly wrongdoing, to public view? 8. What is Hesters punishment that day? What does Hawthorne say about this clear of punishment, the kind that does not allow the culprit to hide his or her pity? 9. What is purpose of contrasting Hester and her baffle to the image of Divine Maternity? 0. Pay particular attent ion to the description of the man well stricken in years. Who do you deem he is? Chapter 3The Recognition Read conservatively the second divide. Who is the man at the Indians side? Imagine that you are this man. What information do you, a stranger to Boston, learn from the towner with whom you talk? The townsman says that the magistrates of Boston be possessed of, in their mercy and tenderness of heart, softened Hesters punishment. What do you theorise of this mercy? For what reason do G e actuallyw presentnor Bellingham and the looks speak to Hester? wherefore does Mr. Wilson think Mr.Dimmesdale should speak to Hester? What is Dimmesdales feeling about this job? Note with care the kickoff description of Dimmesdale. 5. What effect do Dimmesdale s scripts have on Hester? On the baby? 6. What kind of father does Hester say her baby lead have? 7. tell the two ministers different receptions to Hesters refusal to holler her fellow s slamledgeable. Chapter 4The Interview 1. why did the jailer send for a doctor for Hester? 2. You ought to hold up for certain, by the ordinal or eighth split of this chapter, just who this man is. What clues (in previous chapters) has Hawthorne disposed(p) you as to his identity?Why, do you reflect, does Chillingworth want to keep his identity a secret? 3. It would be so easy for Chillingworth to kill Hester. Why does he want her to live? 4. Upon whom does Chillingworth put the blame for Hesters sin? How much is her intermission? How much is his own? 5. How much r planege does Chillingworth plan to get on Hester? (A particular line in their conversation tells us exactly. ) Who is the real aim of Chillingworths revenge? 6. The split up beginning Never, sayest thou? if read well, stinker debunk exactly what kind of person Chillingworth is.Read it with a touch of villainy in thy voice and thou essential leases quake with fearfulness at the plan this mis-shapen scholar. (Do you see how easy it is to get carried a bureau? ) 7. Hester says something interesting about how a persons give voices may lead to virtuoso interpretation of his character and his actions may lead to another. How do Chillingworths words invest him? His actions? 8. What request does Chillingworth dupe of Hester? What is his reason? Chapter 5Hester at Her Needle How does Hester feel upon leaving prison? What does the future have in store for her?You might wonder why Hester doesnt leave Boston, since it is only in Boston that she must wear the sanguine garner. What are her reasons? Be sure not to overlook the most of import of them. What have gots of Hesters home seem most appropriate? How does Hester bugger off a brisk? In what ironic way does she advertise her skills? 5. Who were the only is who made no use of Hesters services? Why? 6. What does Hester do with the extra m atomic number 53y she earns (her superfluous means)? What does this tell us about her character? 7. Hawthorne compares Hesters ruddy earn wi th the mark on Cains forehead.If you dont know about Cains mark, you preserve read about it in the playscript in Genesis 41-16. Biblical allusions are not uncommon in books, so a well-read person is familiar with the major stories of the Bible. This familiarity has nothing to do with a persons religious beliefs. 8. What special tortures (the innumerable throbs of anguish) does Hester endure? 9. In the penultimate (that is, the next to the last) paragraph of the chapter, Hawthorne begins to adumbrate that at that place might be some positive feature of Hesters wearing the violent letter.What is it? 10. Observe how Hawthorne uses one of his favorite devices, intentional ambiguity, in the last paragraph. Chapter 6 tusk Why does Hester name her baby os? osseous tissue is a epoch-making character in this novel, so repair attention to the detailed description of her. Isnt it a paradox that fall, the product of sin, is worthy to have been brought forth in Eden? In the fourth pa ragraph, the biblical authority is Proverbs 1324, which reads, He that spareth his rod hateth his son notwithstanding he that get byth him chasteneth him betimes. (In modern English, parents who withhold punishment actually hate their children, further those that love them correct their behavior early. ) What is Hawthorne saying about the way parents raised their children in Puritan times? How does Hester raise cliff? Why does bead seem not to be a human child? Why is drop an outcast of the infantile world? What kind of games did the Puritan nurture earmark children to play? Do they seem standardized fun to you? What is the attitude of the Puritan children toward astragal? 9. What does drop cloth use for playthings? Hawthorne calls them the puppets of osseous tissues witchcraft, a good phrase. ) 10. The reference to flying lizards teething (in the similar paragraph) is an allusion to a Greek myth in which Cadmus kills a dragon and plants his teeth. The teeth grow int o warriors who fight each other until only hardly a(prenominal) are left alive. This myth, incidentally, is the beginning of the story that eventually comes to concern Oedipus Rex, but there is no association to be made among that story and this one. 11. What was the first thing fall noticed in her mystify? 12. What happens when Hester sees her comment in driblets eyes?This is still another example of intentional ambiguity. 13. Who do the gossiping neighbors claim is Pearls father? Chapter 7The Governors Hall 1. What two reasons does Hester have for visiting the governor? 2. In what way does Pearl remind Hester of the violent letter? 3. Contemplate the tremendous significance of Hesters looking into the armour, which reflects the ruby-red letter disproportionately and hides Hester behind it. 4. The description of the garden recalls the Garden of Eden, an appropriate steer since we have already seen references to the Garden of Eden earlier in the novel.Pearls scream for a r ed rose may suggest the desire for interdict fruit, and the refusal by Hester (I hear voices in the garden) may arrest to Genesis 216-17 and 36-8 (the voice of the Lord God pass in the Garden). A comment here about allusions, Biblical and differently it can be frustrating to the student to encounter several allusions and need to have all of them pointed out. A common reaction is then to correct them or to express doubt that the author mean the allusion. Students need to be reminded that they are relatively in visualized in reading literature intended for literate and educated readers.Instead of being defensive about it, they will break it much to a greater extent productive to accept whatever assistance is offered. The much they read the better they will become at recognizing references to other literature and history. In the meantime, they do best to keep their eyes and minds open. Biblical allusions present a particular problem among people who are sensitive about the pres ence of the Bible in the school. While that sensitivity is findable, it is important for teachers, especially teachers of challenging academic programs, to remember and remind others of the enormous influence the Bible has had on western culture.If we eliminate the Bible as literature, we eliminate a huge portion of mature literature, art, music, architecture, theatre, and all the other arts as well. Chapter 8The Elf-Child and the Minister 1. Who arc Bellinghams guests? Which is not in good wellness? Why? Which is the medical advisor to the sick one? 2. All of the descriptions of Pearl by Bellingham and his guests remind the reader of what important visual fact? 3. What field were Bellingham and his guests discussing before Hesters arrival? 4. Be sure you understand both sides of the melody between Hester and Bellingham. 5. How does Wilson test Pearl?How does she do on this test? 6. Specifically, what is Pearls issue? How did she get such a strange idea? What else do you know ab out the prison rosebush? Think back to chapter 1, where Hawthorne said it was a symbol, and see if you cant work out the emblematic significance of this incident. 7. How has Chillingworth diversityd over the years? 8. To whom does Hester diverge for assistance in her attempt to keep Pearl? Why does she feel he can help? 9. Dimmesdale says that Pearl is both a blessing and a torture for Hester. How is this professedly? 10. Pay special attention to Dimmesdales words beginning, his boon was meant. 11. As Hester and Pearl leave, it is averred that something happened. Hawthorne likes to include hearsay, gossip, rumor, legend, and so on in his story. Where have we seen it already in this novel? Keep an eye open for other instances as we read on. 12. Who stops Hester as she departs? For what purpose? Chapter 9The Leech When you look up leech in the dictionary, you will beget several definitions. Which of the umteen possibilities seems most appropriate here? The first three paragrap hs explain how Chillingworth sets up his medical practice in Boston. Who becomes Chillingworths prime diligent?What is his illness? What is Dimmesdales most characteristic gesture? Why do you suppose he makes this gesture? 5. Observe how typically the people of Boston, when they are ineffective to explain Chillingworths arrival out of the blue, create a rumor about him. 6. So Roger Chillingworth begins a really important section, describing the relationship that develops between Chillingworth and Dimmesdale. 7. What happens after a time, at a hint from Roger Chillingworth? 8. The penultimate paragraph (you had that word in chapter 5, school principal 9) compares or associates Chillingworth with whom?Chapter 10The Leech and His Patient 1. Dimmesdale develops a characteristic similar to Hesters in that he was suspicious of all mankind. The conversation between Chillingworth and Dimmesdale concerning confession of sin is worth special attention. Apparently Dimmesdale is screen som e sin. What might that sin be? Really? What occurrence interrupts this conversation? What is unusual about Pearls behavior? Do you see any exemplary meaning in Pearls placing the prickly burdock on Hesters scarlet letter? If not, think some more until you do. When Dimmesdale refuses to open he wound or trouble in his heart to Chillingworth, to whom does he say he will bare his soul? Hawthorne makes a joke It doesnt happen often, so lets not let this one get by. Dimmesdale go asleep over a book which must have been a work of vast competency in the somniferous school of literature. (The humor depends on your knowing what somniferous means. ) The net two paragraphs are exceptionally important. Hawthorne does not say what Chillingworth saw, but maybe you can imagine. Anyhow, you might wonder what could have made Chillingworth so happy. Can you think of a fairy narration character that Chillingworth resembles here?Chapter 11The Interior of a Heart 1. What has become of Dimmesdale s attitude toward Chillingworth? 2. horizontal though his health is failing, how are Dimmesdales fortunes as a minister? 3. Interestingly, Dimmesdale is besotted by the high regard his parishioners have for him (the agony with which this public care tortured him). Here is another example of intentional ambiguity, a form of irony. Dimmesdale is not what the people think he is. 4. Its almost humorous how the crimp mistakes Dimmesdales statements of his sinfulness. (Almost, but not quite. ) 5.Compare the visions Dimmesdale has in his lengthened vigils with Hesters reminiscence in chapter 2. Why does Hester appear in Dimmesdales vision? What is important about her gesture? Chapter 12The Ministers Vigil Where does Dimmesdale go? Probably its not just accidental that its been heptad years since Hester stood on the curriculum. Seven has been a magical number since quaint times. Why does Hawthorne say that many culprits have ascended the platform? With what is he inquire us to asso ciate it? In other words, what is he making the platform a symbol of? Do you know by now why Dimmesdale is climbing it?No one comes when Dimmesdale screams. Why? What does Dimmesdale see from the scaffold? Where has Wilson been that darkness? Where have Hester and Pearl been? Do you think it is a fitting place for a seven-year-old girl to be? Maybe she had to come along because her mother couldnt get a babysitter. What does Dimmesdale invite Hester and Pearl to do? How does Dimmesdale feel as he touches Pearls hand? Why do you suppose he feels this way? The paragraph beginning But before Mr. Dimmesdale had done speaking is truly important. Read it carefully. Most of the novels important symbols are brought together at this hour.What is the calorie-free in the throw out? What does this unnatural get away reveal? How is Pearl a connecting link between Hester and Dimmesdale? (You might have two answers, one literal, one figurative. ) Why does Dimmesdale have his hand over his hear t? 10. Who is standing across the way watching the scene? How does Dimmesdale feel about him? Are you affect to hear him say so? 11. What does the sexton give to Dimmesdale? How does the sexton account for Dimmesdales loss of this item? 12. How does the sexton (speaking for the townspeople) interpret the light in the sky? 13. This chapter is the halfway point in the novel.Because of the novels rigorous construction, the midpoint is the climax. From this point on, we are heading toward the resolution. Chapter 13Another View of Hester 1. Can you explain why Hester feels an obligation toward Dimmesdale? 2. Hawthorne writes in the middle of the second paragraph that It is to the credit of human nature, that it loves more readily than it hates. Do you think hes right? Has he illustrated this rootage anywhere in the novel? 3. This chapter, which discusses Hesters life, explains why the townspeople change their views of Hester. Although it is more often than not descriptive, be sure y ou understand why they do. 4.The sentence Had she fallen among thieves, the scarlet letter would have kept her safe is an allusion to the parable of the Good Samaritan, told in Luke 1030-37. Its worth reading. 5. What is the sad transformation that has come over Hester? 6. get word that Hawthorne says of Pearl that her nature had something wrong in it, which continually betokened that she had been born amiss. What other characters outbound appearances suggest their inner natures? This is a significant feature of romantic literature, one that continues through our own time, especially in the movies. 7. This chapter is typical of Hawthornes circular style.He begins by discussing Hesters attitude toward Dimmesdale, and then wanders into related matters until he eventually returns (Now, however, her interview with the idealistic Mr. Dimmesdale) to the first thought. He did this before when Hester stood on the scaffold in chapter 2. Hawthorne builds intact chapters, as this one, aro und this device or, more often, he constructs his longer paragraphs this way. This posting might help you to read the longer paragraphs with more comprehension. 8. How do you explain, in the first sentence of the final paragraph, the phrase her former husband? How did he get to be her former husband?Did I miss a divorce somewhere? Or is there another explanation? Chapter 14Hester and the Physician 1. Hawthorne says again that a great transformation has come over Chillingworth. He has changed himself into a devil. We have seen before how Chillingworth has been compared to Satan. 2. The conversation between Hester and Chillingworth should be self-explanatory. honour Hesters request Forgive, and leave his further retribution to the Power that claims it. maybe this is a theme of the novel. 3. Chillingworth says, allow the black flower blossom as it may. Do you remember what the black flower is? What does he mean here?Chapter 15Hester and Pearl 1. Hester declares that she hates Ch illingworth. Do you think she has good reason? 2. How has Pearl been amusing herself? 3. Pearl makes a letter to wear herself. You might retrieve what significance the two colors of the two letters have scarlet for Hester and green for Pearl. What might green symbolize in connection with Pearl? 4. Why is Pearls response to her mothers questions concerning why she wears the scarlet letter ironic? 5. For what reasons does Hester flip over telling Pearl why she wears the letter? 6. You can see how Pearl is getting on her mothers nerves. How would you have answered Pearl?Do you believe, as Hester does, that thither are many things in this world that a child must not ask about? attain that Hester, at the end of the chapter, answers Pearl with an asperity that she had neer permitted to herself before. Chapter 16A Forest Walk This chapter begins what is for many readers the most memorable part of the novel. Remember that Hawthorne has called his novel a tommyrot of human frailty and sorrow. In chapters 16-19 you will be expected to respond to this sorrow. Watch especially how every possibility for happiness is eliminated. Watch to a fault how Hawthorne uses images of light and dark in the wood.If you are a romantic, you will find this scene especially moving. 1. Why wont Hester visit Dimmesdale in his study? 2. Notice how the sunlight withdraws as Hester approaches it. What does the sunlight symbolize here? Why is there none for Hester? If you have forgotten about the pathetic fallacy, return to chapter 1, question 3 for a reminder. 3. What stories has Pearl perceive? What does Pearl think Hesters letter has to do with the Black Man? 4. Notice how Hawthorne compares Pearl to the brook. Showing people and Nature as one was a favorite technique of romantic writers. 5. Observe, too, how sorrowfully Dimmesdale approaches.Chapter 17The Pastor and His Parishioner How do Hester and Dimmesdale approach each other? Notice the things they speak ofthe weather, their h ealth. Why is it so hard for them really to blow over with each other? Just before Hester tells Dimmesdale that Chillingworth was her husband (again she uses the past tense), she stresses the value of truth. Of what significance should this speech be to Dimmesdale? Hester asks Dimmesdale to forgive her and let God take care of her punishmentthe very(prenominal) request she made of Chillingworth. Why does Dimmesdale subscribe to Chillingworth to be the worst sinner of the three?Hester speaks here one of the most important lines of the novel What we did had a consecration of its own. Be sure you understand all the implications of this sentence. She (and Dimmesdale) considered their sin to be morally acceptable (it was consecrated) in a body of laws higher than those of the church. Hester is trying to justify herself by saying that in some cases state laws are imperfect and do not, or should not, apply in all cases to all people. But she cannot think that she was following Gods law s, because adultery is disallow by the Ten Commandments. Then is she placing her individual law above even Gods law?Can she do this? Does Hester consider her love for Dimmesdale to be more important or holier than the Ten Commandments? This is a topicthe conflict between personal law and public law that appears in a great number of important literary works, such as Antigone, Crime and Punishment, and The Crucible, to name just a few. What courses of action does Hester suggest to Dimmesdale so that he can rid himself of Chillingworths menace? Why is none of them satisfactory to him? Chapter 18A Flood of Sunshine 1. Again Hawthorne gives a positive result of the scarlet letterit was Hesters passport into regions where other women dared not tread. 2. Was Dimmesdales sin a sin of passion or of principle? 3. In paragraph 4, Hawthorne gives a very succinct statement concerning Dimmesdales predicament between fleeing as an avowed criminal, and remain as a hypocrite, conscience might find it hard to hip-hop the balance . This is an example of a dilemma, a choice between two equally unpleasant alternatives. To be in such a daub we say is to be on the horns of a dilemma. If you interpret the metaphor to suggest being tossed by a bull, you see immediately how painful that can be. 4. What does Dimmesdale, after a struggle, resolve to do? What are his reasons? . What does Hester do to make it as though the past had never been? (Dont let this question go unanswered. Weve been waiting seven years ) 6. How does she feel after she has done this significant thing? Note the line, She had not known the weight until she felt the freedom. 7. The paragraph beginning, The stigma gone is important. Hester removes her cap and her letter, and lets her vibrissa fall down. Look back to chapter 13, where the letter, cap, and hair had been mentioned as symbols of Hesters sad transformation from beauty to plainness. These same symbols are used here to reveal Hesters natural beauty .Notice that this chapter is called A Flood of Sunshine, a title involving a metaphor, Hesters hair is another such flood. What happens, concerning the sunshine, when Hesters hair falls down? This is one the great pathetic fallacies in all of literature. 8. Notice how Nature reacts to the love between Hester and Dimmesdale. Such was the sympathy of Nature Hawthorne uses the word sympathy in its more general sense of feeling the same (sym meaning the same and pathos meaning feeling) rather than feeling raunchy for someone. 9. Pearl is standing in a beam of sunshine, of course.The flickering light makes her look now like a real child, now like a childs spirit. How Hawthorne loves visual ambiguity How do the animals of the forest treat Pearl? Note the hearsay A wolf, it is said but here the tale has surely lapsed into the improbable. Why does Pearl approach slowly when she is called? Chapter 19The Child at the 15 rook side 1. Hester and Dimmesdale talk very lovingly of their child . 2. What is the effect of the reflection of Pearl in the pool? 3. What does Dimmesdale do when Pearl looks at him? Then, how does Pearl respond to this gesture? 4. Why wont Pearl come to Hester? 5.Does Pearls command Come thou and take it up seem to you as though she were reminding her mother of her guilt? 6. What happens as Hester puts up her hair? Why? 7. Remember that in the second scaffold scene Pearl asks if Dimmesdale will stand with Hester and her in broad daylight. What similar request does Pearl make of Dimmesdale now? 8. What does Pearl do when Dimmesdale kisses her? Chapter 20The Minister in a Maze What arrangement has Hester made for Dimmesdale, Pearl, and herself? Why does Hawthorne consider Dimmesdale so pitiably weak? Note the final sentence of this paragraph (the third), which makes use of ambiguity.What strange feeling does Dimmesdale have as he returns to the town? Be sure to know the meaning of the word mutability. What three people does Dimmesdale come over? W hat does he want to do to each of these people? Why? In the paragraph about the old woman, Hawthorne writes that she might have dropped dead when she heard Dimmesdales words, as by the effect of an intensely poisonous infusion. You might be interested to know that in the 1600s it was common belief that a person could be killed if poison were poured, or infused, into his ear. Shakespeare, writing in the early 1600s, used this belief as a method of death in Hamlet.What is the immenseness of the episode between Dimmesdale and Mistress Hibbins? Chapter 21The New England Holiday 1. The day in the first sentence is three days after the forest scene. The rest of the novels action takes place on this day. 2. How does Hester feel on this particular day? To what does she look forward? 3. Notice that Pearls garb is all of one idea with her nature, suggesting again the relationship between her outer appearance and her inner nature. 4. Why is Pearl confused as she and Hester reach town? 5. Not ice the forms of entertainment popular in England that are not to be plunge in Massachusetts. . Hawthorne writes, the generation which came after the first Puritans wore the blackest shade of Puritanism, and so change the national visage with it, that all the subsequent years have not sufficed to clear it up. We have yet to learn again the forgotten art of gayety. Do you agree? 7. Notice that Chillingworth is talking with the professional of the ship. Why do you suppose that he is doing that? 8. What news does the captain bring Hester? How does she respond to it? Chapter 22The Procession The first part of this chapter is a lavish description of the groups perform in the parade.Note the description of Dimmesdale as he marches. What does Mistress Hibbins know that Hester wishes she didnt? The paragraph beginning This vocal organ is a description of Dimmesdales language. What message does the ships captain give to Pearl? It is sad to read in the penultimate paragraph the sentence beginning, Hester saw and recognized. Chapter 23The Revelation of the Scarlet Letter 1. What is the townspeoples reaction to Dimmesdales sermon? 2. How does Dimmesdale feel about his career as a minister at this time? (Look in the third paragraph. ) 3. After he gives his sermon, what change comes over Dimmesdale? . Why does Chillingworth try to stop Dimmesdale? After all, hadnt he valued Dimmesdales guilt to be known? 5. Where is the only place that Dimmesdale could have flee Chillingworth? What does this mean? 6. What does the crowd see as Dimmesdale tears away his ministerial band? Are you sure? 7. Does Dimmesdale think he and Hester will picture again in Heaven? Why? 8. By giving me this anxious torture to bear upon my breastis this line meant to be taken literally or figuratively? Note how the alliteration, which makes the line quite poetic, provides emphasis. 9. What happens as Dimmesdale dies?Chapter 24Conclusion As might be expected, there was more than one account of w hat had been witnessed on the scaffold. What explanations are offered for what had happened? How does Hawthorne feel about those who say that Dimmesdale never said that he was Pearls father? Does the moral beginning Be true Be true Be true seem like a theme to you? Compare it to what Pearl said to Dimmesdale on the scaffold in chapter 12. What happened to Chillingworth? Why might love and hate be really the same thing at bottom? Who is Chillingworths beneficiary? Be sure you know what happens to Hester and Pearl.Who discovers that Hester has returned? 10. What, according to rumor, has become of Pearl? 11. What role does Hester play in the club? What is Hesters firm belief of which she assures unhappy women? For a novel written in 1850 this is a remarkably contemporary idea, Beside whom is Hester buried? Gules is the color red. Sable is black. The final sentence, which summarizes the whole novel in a remarkably concise and symbolic way, is the description of Hesters tombstone. Bef ore the days of colored printing, people had to find a way to instruct engravers who were oing to produce coats of arms, banners, flags, and the like. This sentence says that Hesters tombstone, which has a black background knowledge (a field sable), will be engraved the letter A in red (gules). Think of all the other things in the novel that can be described with that sentencethe midnight sky in the second scaffold scene Hesters blouse Hesters life, which seems to have been very bleak with only one moment of happiness even the Puritan period of American history, which was a dark period, as Hawthorne tells it, relieved only by one ever-glowing point of light. Let us remember that the name Hesteran archaic form of Esthermeans star. You might remember that Chillingworth said that Hester will be a living sermon against sin, until the ignominious letter be engraved upon her tombstone. Yet the letter can symbolize something other than Adultery. We have already come to see it represent Able, Art, and Angel. What else might the A have meant to Hester? Remember that in some Massachusetts communities, Plymouth among them, the punishment for adultery was to wear the letters AD.What could AD have correspond to Hester? Congratulations. By reading this novel you have accomplished something noteworthy and gained a great dealyou have increased your reading skills, expanded your vocabulary, considered value systems that might be different from your own, investigated human psychology, and, it is to be hoped, undergone an emotional experience that will never leave you. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 1 Here is an opportunity for the teacher to point out that English spelling and usage were not firmly quick-frozen in the seventeenth century. Their and theire appear in the same sentence, sowed in modern English would be sewn, and other word forms, while recognizable, have changed in the last three and a half centuries. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 NOTE This is onl y to turn as a reading guide to help you better understand the novel. We highly suggest that you use this to check for