Physics of a Plane Crash :: physics airplane landing land

There is an old saying that any landing you tail assembly walk away from is a good landing. There is a lot of truth to this statement, especially if you are the one walking away. Here are the stories of ii such landings that I am personally familiar with. Since they are both very similar in nature, they will be discussed simultaneously in the pages to fol starting time. N9KF was a Model 1 Kitfox. It was built and flown by my father. The Kitfox is an experimental, homebuilt kit plane. Every plane, like every person, has a story. This is the story of N9KF or at least the story as I know it. NEWTONS LAWS - A Brief ReviewNewtons First Law An object remains at rest/motion unless an external soldiery acts upon it.(Newman)Newtons encourage Law The acceleration of a body or object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the body or object and is inversely proportional to its mass. (F=ma)(Newman)Newtons Third Law For every action force, there is an equal and opposit e reaction force.(Newman)Forces of FlightLIFTLift is generated by the radiate flow around the planes wing. This effect is explained mostly by Bernoullis Principle which states that the pressure of the air decreases as the velocity of the air increases. The design of a planes wing changes the flow of air around the wings surface. The air has farther to travel over the top of the wing than the air traveling below the wing. Therefore, the air traveling above the wing is traveling at a higher velocity than the air traveling below it. As air flows around the wing, a high pressure region with low air velocity is created below the wing, and a low pressure region with high air velocity is created above the wing. The difference between the two pressures generates the overthrow force. (JEPPESEN 1-11)Newtons third law, stated above, explains how the remaining airlift force is produced. Lift is generated when the air hits and is deflected off of the underside of the wing. This deflection of air downwards, in turn, causes an upward lift force on the wing since there must be an equal and opposite reaction force.(Newman) This force accounts for a relatively small portion of the total lift generated for a wing.(JEPPESEN 1-13)WEIGHTWeight is one of the opposing forces to lift. From Newtons second law, the weight of an object is the magnitude of the force of gravity on that object.

Mutations in the Alpha 1,2-Mannosidase Gene Essay -- Scientific Resear

Introduction smart disability (ID) is defined by the Ameri foundation Association of cerebral Developmental Disabilities as having probatory limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior. 1 Earlier it was believed that behavioral abnormalities, such as Intellectual Disability, were caused by the social or environmental environment in which the individual lived in.2 However, with the breakthrough of the genetic analysis, it has been shown that more and more of our behavior is influenced, if not controlled, by our genes. 3This promotional material is important for our understanding of ID to expand. ID can occur when there is a mutation on iodine or more of the genes in the individuals chromosome set. 3There argon different types of mutations autosomal mutations (mutations occurring in one or more of the 44 autosomal chromosomes in humans), mutations in the sex chromosomes (the two chromosomes that amongst other things determine the individuals sex), and there are alike chromosomal disorders such as nondisjunction in where one of the two homologous chromosomes fails to separate from its sister chromatid during cell division, replying in an trim chromosome in one little girl cell and one less chromosome in the other. 3 For parents that are carriers (heterozygous) of an allele that codes for an autosomal recessive trait (e.g. ID), each child they fill will inherit one of the two alleles ( rife or recessive) from each parent. Following the Mendelian laws of inheritance, such parents can get offspring that are homozygous dominant (25% chance, will not result in ID), heterozygous like themselves (50% chance, will not result in ID, but will be carriers of the defective gene), or homozygous r... ...tations in the alpha 1,2-mannosidase gene, MAN1B1, cause autosomal-recessive intellectual disability. Am J Hum Genet. 2011 Jul 1589(1)176-82.6 Exome Sequencing Internet. Mountain View CA Centrillion, 2011 cited 2012 Feb 18. Avail able from http//www.centrillionbio.com/exome.php 7 Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 December 74(12) 54635467. 8 profit Browser Internet. Stockholm Karolinska Institutet Universitetsbiblioteket 2008 updated 2011 cited 2012 Feb 20. Available from http//mesh.kib.ki.se/swemesh/swemesh_se.cfm.Leonard H, Wen X. The epidemiology of mental retardation Challenges and opportunities in the new millenium. Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev., 8 (2002), pp. 117134. Corresponding author Helen Leonard (hleonardcyllene.uwa.edu Mutations in the Alpha 1,2-Mannosidase Gene Essay -- Scientific ResearIntroduction Intellectual disability (ID) is defined by the American Association of Intellectual Developmental Disabilities as having significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior. 1 Earlier it was believed that behavioral abnormalities, such as Intellectual Disabil ity, were caused by the social or environmental environment in which the individual lived in.2 However, with the breakthrough of the genetic analysis, it has been shown that more and more of our behavior is influenced, if not controlled, by our genes. 3This advancement is important for our understanding of ID to expand. ID can occur when there is a mutation on one or more of the genes in the individuals chromosome set. 3There are different types of mutations autosomal mutations (mutations occurring in one or more of the 44 autosomal chromosomes in humans), mutations in the sex chromosomes (the two chromosomes that amongst other things determine the individuals sex), and there are also chromosomal disorders such as nondisjunction in where one of the two homologous chromosomes fails to separate from its sister chromatid during cell division, resulting in an extra chromosome in one daughter cell and one less chromosome in the other. 3 For parents that are carriers (heterozygou s) of an allele that codes for an autosomal recessive trait (e.g. ID), each child they have will inherit one of the two alleles (dominant or recessive) from each parent. Following the Mendelian laws of inheritance, such parents can get offspring that are homozygous dominant (25% chance, will not result in ID), heterozygous like themselves (50% chance, will not result in ID, but will be carriers of the defective gene), or homozygous r... ...tations in the alpha 1,2-mannosidase gene, MAN1B1, cause autosomal-recessive intellectual disability. Am J Hum Genet. 2011 Jul 1589(1)176-82.6 Exome Sequencing Internet. Mountain View CA Centrillion, 2011 cited 2012 Feb 18. Available from http//www.centrillionbio.com/exome.php 7 Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 December 74(12) 54635467. 8 MeSH Browser Internet. Stockholm Karolinska Institutet Universitetsbiblioteket 2008 updated 2011 cited 2012 Feb 20. Availa ble from http//mesh.kib.ki.se/swemesh/swemesh_se.cfm.Leonard H, Wen X. The epidemiology of mental retardation Challenges and opportunities in the new millenium. Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev., 8 (2002), pp. 117134. Corresponding author Helen Leonard (hleonardcyllene.uwa.edu

A Shattered Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller Essay

A Shattered Dream in Death of a Sales human by Arthur MillerDeath of a Salesman tells the story of a man confronting failure in the success-driven society of America and shows the tragic path, which eventually leads to Willy Lomans suicide.Death of a Salesman?is?a search for identity, Willy?s attempt to be a man according to the frontier tradition in which he was raised, and a failure to achieve that identity because in 1942 and in Brooklyn that identity cannot be achieved. (Gross 321)Willy is a symbolical icon of the failing American he represents those that have striven for success in society, but, in struggling to do so, have instead achieved failure in the just about bitter form.Perhaps what is wrong with the society is not that it has implanted the wrong values in Willy, values which finally do not lead to success anyway, but that it has lost touch with values which should never be relegated only to the personal sphere or the family unit. (Lawrence 57)In Arthur Miller?s Deat h of a Salesman, Willy Loman, the protagonist, pursues a false perception of the American Dream. Arthur Miller establishes Willy Loman as a traveling salesman in his sixties, a dreamer of success, and a troubled man. Willy is not a successful man, but clings to his dreams and ideals. ?Arthur Miller did not realize either how few would be impressed by the fact that Willy is actually a very brave bosom who cannot settle for half but must pursue his dream of himself to the end? (Hayman 55-56). Willy reminisces about the neighborhood years ago. His past recurs through the play in smart as a whip scenes. Each time he returns from an episode in the past, Willy discovers new information that throws light on his troubled past. Willy portra... ... of a Salesman. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House, 1988. 25-38.Roudan, Matthew C. ?Death of a Salesman and the Poetics of Arthur Miller.? The Cambridge participator to Arthur Miller. Ed. Christopher Bigsby. New York Cambri dge UP, 1997. 60-85.Sister, M. Bettina. ?Willy Loman?s Brother Ben Tragic Insight in Death of a Salesman.? Modern Drama. Feb. 1962 409-412.Spillane, Margaret. ?Life of a Salesman.? Nation 8 Mar. 1999 7.Steinberg, M. W. ?Arthur Miller and the predilection of Modern Tragedy.? Twentieth Century Views Arthur Miller. Ed. Robert W. Corrigan. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall, 1969, 81-84.Weales, Gerald. ?Arthur Miller?s Shifting Image of Man.? Twentieth Century Views Arthur Miller. Ed. Robert W. Corrigan. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall, 1969. 131-142.?Why Willy Loman Lives.? The Economist 19 June 1999 19-21.

The Diesel Hybrid Combustion Engine Essay -- Auto Cars Automobiles Mec

The Diesel Hybrid Combustion Engine Two main types of locomotives powering everyday machinery are diesel and gasoline internal combustion engines. Both vary on efficiency levels, but are still effective. Diesel engines have high efficiency levels, such as producing great amount of torque at very low rpms. They are also known for their fuel-efficient behavior and expertness to produce low emissions. Their capability to produce power at an efficient rate with little wear on the engine, this makes these engines ideal for interbreeding integration. Hybrid integration takes a typical engine and combines it with an electric generator and motor, with the application of other electrical systems applied. Allowing the machinery to generate energy, with lower fuel consumption and cleaner emissions. Toyota is one of the leaders in the automobile hybrid design. The design goes as follows, a VVT-I gas engine with an advanced electric motor to not only po wer the Prius, but also recharge the vehicles batteries give thanks to an ingenious generator and regenerative braking system (Toyota). This regenerative braking system allows absorption of the heat energy used to brake and uses that energy to recharge the cars batteries. This system makes the car self-reliant. Even though this engine uses gasoline, the development of diesel hybrids will be the next step in innovation.Comparison One of the main areas is the on-board fuel combustion of these engines. In tests performed by MIT, the relative consumption of on-board fuel energy for a typical gasoline internal combustion engine measured about 88%, while the Diesel-Hybrid was at 52% (Weiss 27). These tests demonstrate how much more ene... .... Design News (19 August 2002) 1-5.Peckham, Jack. Diesel Hybrids Come Out Best In verve, atomic number 19house Gases. Diesel evoke News (16 April 2001) 1-2.Peckham, Jack. Diesel Hybrids Bus Beats CNG On Key Criteria. Diesel F uel News (29 October 2001) 1-2.Siuru, Bill. Hybrids working on the railroad Green Goat electric switching locomotive shows promise of hybrids for rail can be powered by diesels or microturbines. Diesel Progress North American Edition (December 2002) 1-3Toyota Prius. Toyota Corporation (multiple locations). http//129.33.47.206/html/shop/vehicles/prius/technology/prius_technology.htmlWeiss, Malcolm A., Heywood, John B., Schafer, Andreas., Natarajan, Vinod K. Comparative Assessment of Fuel Cell Cars. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Laboratory for Energy and the Environment (February 2003) 1-29.

Russian Jews :: essays research papers

Russian Jews     To Russian Jews, the synagogue was the center of religion and religionwas the most important thing in their lives. The rabbi was their leader, theycame to him with every(prenominal) problem they had. Jews were poor, only when they all gavetzedakah. It was said that even the poorest Jews could find someone poorer tohelp and give money to. According to the Jewish religion, tzedakah is one ofthe most important mitzvahs you can do. The corresponding could be said about the Jewishholidays. They were observed very strictly, but Shabbat was the most welcomed.In order to teach the importance of Jewish law, they started their stimulate schools,their own courts of law, and their own burial societies. even though there werepogroms, religious persecution coerce the Jews to create stronger communitiesand made them more united.     In the beginning of the 1800s, Alexander I control Russia. He promisedthe Jews that they could become fa rmers, could live in two districts, and couldbuy unoccupied land. Although Alexander was kind and helped the Jews, the taxthey were forced to pay, stayed. before he died in 1825, the Jewish situationbecame hard for them to bare. They lived in poverty in small and crowded placesand were oppressed. For hundreds of years, Jews lived these ways in twocommunities - the ghetto and the shtetl. To keep out thieves and rioters fromcoming in, they built walls roughly their section of town. When they did this,the government and churches got an idea, they would use the walls that the Jewsbuilt, to lock them in.     These walls were located near a foundry that made cannons, so they namedit ghetto which means "foundry". They would close the gates every night andthe Jews would be locked in until daybreak. The word of the ghettos quicklyspread, soon there were ghettos all over Europe. The Jews were all treated thesame in every ghetto that was in Europe, according the go vernment and churches,the Jews had no rights. They were no allowed to own land, join crafts guilds,or do any kind of work that Christians got to do. In some ghettos, they wereeven forced to wear badges so anyone who saw them would know they were Jewish.The badge was usually a Star of David. For many years, the government tookcopies of the Talmud, and burnt them. Also the government forced the Jews to learn to long Christian sermons. Even though all these terrible things tookplace and the government was not good to the Jews, the ghettos seemed to be a

Russian Jews :: essays research papers

Russian Jews     To Russian Jews, the synagogue was the center of morality and religionwas the near important thing in their lives. The rabbi was their leader, theycame to him with every problem they had. Jews were poor, but they each gavetzedakah. It was said that even the poorest Jews could find someone poorer tohelp and give funds to. According to the Jewish religion, tzedakah is one ofthe most important mitzvahs you can do. The same could be said about the Jewishholidays. They were observed very strictly, but Shabbat was the most welcomed.In order to teach the importance of Jewish law, they started their own schools,their own courts of law, and their own burial societies. even though there werepogroms, religious persecution forced the Jews to seduce stronger communitiesand made them more united.     In the beginning of the 1800s, black lovage I ruled Russia. He promisedthe Jews that they could become farmers, could live in two distri cts, and couldbuy unoccupied land. Although Alexander was kind and helped the Jews, the taxthey were forced to pay, stayed. before he died in 1825, the Jewish situationbecame hard for them to bare. They lived in poverty in small and crowded placesand were oppressed. For hundreds of years, Jews lived these ship canal in twocommunities - the ghetto and the shtetl. To keep out thieves and rioters fromcoming in, they built walls around their section of town. When they did this,the political relation and churches got an idea, they would use the walls that the Jewsbuilt, to lock them in.     These walls were located near a metalworks that made cannons, so they namedit ghetto which means "foundry". They would close the gates every night andthe Jews would be locked in until daybreak. The word of the ghettos quicklyspread, soon there were ghettos all over Europe. The Jews were all treated thesame in every ghetto that was in Europe, according the government and ch urches,the Jews had no rights. They were no allowed to own land, join crafts guilds,or do any kind of work that Christians got to do. In some ghettos, they wereeven forced to wear badges so anyone who saw them would know they were Jewish.The badge was usually a sense impression of David. For many years, the government tookcopies of the Talmud, and burnt them. Also the government forced the Jews tolisten to long Christian sermons. Even though all these terrible things tookplace and the government was not good to the Jews, the ghettos seemed to be a

American Beauty (movie)

The scene American Beauty bears the name of the most habitual in the USA brand of roses. The roses are present in the picture everywhere. They are like a scarlet ribbon running through the public opinion poll of the narration, each time concentrating audiences attention upon themselves as upon the stereotype of American beauty. This is non a story about empty cellophane bag evanescent in the wind. This is not a saga about a masturbating wimp American man. And even not about that that life is a shit and women are you agnise who. This is rather the story of stereotypization of mass conscience that reached global proportion.This is a story about that that our life as any reality is a mosaic with contrastive patterns sometimes even ugly and detestable. Some of us see the life lines interlacing as a stifling web and others see it as roads running a focal point beyond the skyline. Overall, American Beauty is a adopt about the life of an average American family, and problems exper ienced by each genus Phallus of this family. And in this case it does not matter is the family American, English, French or any other as it was already mentioned the stereotypical conscience became global.Movie plot is simple plentiful and, to certain extent, hackneyed. To tell the truth the beginning of the picture evokes feelings of boredom as you expect a typical tearful story of jerk husband, stinker wife, their fille suffering from loneliness and lack of understanding and their neighbors a bit screwed guy, trading drugs and practicing voyeurisme with his video camera, his father, colonel retired, who hates homosexuals being himself a latent homosexual. However, the way all this story is presented makes this movie different and distinguished.American Beauty is impressive for the fact that on that point are no right or guilty characters in the story. For example, Lester (Kevin Spacey) is not a dull, sexy jerk, he is rather an average man who could not achieve in this life anything or even establish a normal family, where al least psyche would understand and support him. His wife Carolyn (Annette Bening) is not a stinker or a whore she is a simply unhappy woman, which tries hard to bluster way out of difficult life I will sell this house today, I will sell this house today (Carolyn), but fails.And their daughter Jane (Thora Birch) is not a wicked child dreaming of killing her parents but rather a poor little girl, who feels awfully lonely and seeks for someone to understand her. The exchange event of the study is the moment when Lester is trying to free himself from the chains of commonness and dullness of the life surrounding him. He quits his well-paid position and starts working in McDonalds and deprivation in for sport. But the outward manifestation is not the point the point is that Lester got free inward.He ceased being afraid of his wife, he has got that job which does not give you satisfaction and where you have to lick the boots of your b oss is worthless. These changes made Lester feel free and happy I feel like Ive been in a fainting for about twenty years. And Im just now waking up. (Lester) But this is the moment when an inevitable end had to come. Lester is killed. Any person from his surrounding could have done it. lady friend Jane, who could not stand his lusty stare at her classmate I need a father whos a role model, not some horny geek-boy whos gonna spray his shorts every time I bring a girlfriend home from school.(Jane) wife Carolyn, who hates him as she regards him as a sluggard and loser Janes friend, Ricky (Wes Bentley), whom Jane asked to kill her father Rickys father, crazy about patriotism and fascism colonel, who believes his son to have an affair with Lester and even Lester who feels good and likes his new life. Why not to die at such a moment? To leave this world with pleasant emotions I guess I could be pretty pissed pip about what happened to me but its hard to stay mad when theres so much b eauty in the world.Sometimes I feel like Im seeing it all at once, and its too much. My heart fills up like a balloon thats about to burst (Lester) The movie is masterfully shot in all respects. Young film director Sam Mendes has demonstrated fairly good sense of humor and style. Take for example red rose-petals emerging as soon as Lester gets intent in his erotic fantasies. Red petals serve as unambiguous, though delicate euphemism of orgasmic feelings of the main character. This cross-cutting image looks very nice though till the end of film it becomes exuberant and starts irritating.And finally the empty bag fluttering in the wind is like a key symbol of the film. It is noticed by Ricky through his camera lens, who looks at the world only in this way, through his camera, as it makes reality to be accepted easier. Videos a poor excuse, I know. But it helps me remember and I need to remember Sometimes theres so much beauty in the world I feel like I cant take it, like my hearts g oing to cave in (Ricky) Ricky, as a real artist, sees beauty in the things which are seen by others as ugly.This is, as a matter of fact, the notion of American beauty, the world, which you see beyond U. S. model through this or that stimulating means. American beauty is a McDonalds, but not as a couch where you come to gorge fast, sooner as a place of inner freedom. This is a bright scarlet car, of which you dreamt all your life but had not bought because there were more useful things you had to buy. In the long run, American beauty is your inner freedom, freedom in mind and not under the canopy of Star & mark flag. Bibliography American Beauty. Dir. Sam Mendes. 1999. DVD, 2002.

World History Unit

Which of the forces at work in Europe played the greatest role in careing to prompt the outbreak of fight? A force at work in Europe that played a large role in helping to prompt the outbreak of the con operate would be the formation of alliances between the several superpowers at the time. If they would live with gone along with themselves and Just keep each other In check duration keeping everything balanced It would be easier to create a treaty Instead of fight. The alliances created Increased tensions. Another main chemical element is the murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Hungary. . Was he description of the Balkans as the powder keg of Europe justified? Yes, the Balkans was overlapping many groups that were trying to unite the Slavs and take ore more and more territory. That caused major conflict in Europe. pulverize Keg refers to a keg full of explosives. It would be very unstable. The Balkans caused instability in Europe due to different people wanting its land. not everyone could build it. Everyone precious It and no one would Just allow the other to invade it and take it for them. 8. Do you think World War I was avoidable?Yes, a good deal any war Is avoidable. The thing Is that more often than not the people Involved dont always know the consequences of their actions or simply dont know how everything can fall out serenityfully, especially when there Is tension. If Balkan powder keg was taken care of prior on then the war could confine been avoided. World War I would have been a difficult thing to avoid, but if tension in Europe could have been resolved then it might not have happened. Page 415 3. Which countries comprised the important Powers? Which countries comprised the every(prenominal)ies?The countries that comprised the Central Powers are Germany, Austria/ Hungary and Turkey. The countries that had comprised the Allies are Britain, France, Russia, Italy, United States, and Japan. 4. What were the characteristics of tr ench warfare? The soldiers that were in trench warfare had to undergo horrible conditions. It was muddy, rat infested, and messy. Rats, lice, diseases, and fleas would be spread In massive numbers In the trenches. There would be bodies Just lying In the trenches and sometimes water would flood the trenches.Blood would be everywhere. For abnegation and offensive there was barbed wire, machine guns, poison gas attacks, tank attacks, and more. The trenches were set up with interlinking passages to the front and the command center. 5. What factors contributed to Russians war difficulties? The first factor was the factories. Out of all the European nations, Russia was the least certain. The factories could not manufacture enough supplies and didnt always have enough materials. Second factor is Education. Russians werent able to be adroit too well for the war.Most troops werent educated well. A large majority couldnt read or write. Third factor is transportation. As I said earlier the Russians are much undeveloped. Their railways were not efficient and It took a long time to bring food and supplies up to the front. Fourth and last factor Is leadership. Russian generals were not the best generals. Plus with the uneducated troops, most of them werent able to effectively give orders. 6. How was war on the Western and Eastern front different? How was It the same?The war for the Eastern led to the collapse of Russia whereas the war in the Western front did Austrian defeated the Allied forces and defeated Russia. The Western front had very developed trenches, while the Eastern had less developed trenches. 7. why did the Schlemiels Plan ultimately collapse? The Schlemiels plan was designed so that the German army would not have to fight on two fronts. It failed more several reasons. There were many delays, for example the Belgians resisted Germany. Although Germany definitely overpowered them, Germany was still delayed one month.This allowed the French to move northeas tward to confront the German army. Because of the delays caused by the British and Belgians, the French had more time to transfer troops. The Russians were then able to mobile their army in an amazing 10 days instead of the expected 6 weeks. 8. Why might it be fair to say that neither military position won he battles of the Some or Verdure? Both sides lost a massive amount of soldiers. The losses were extremely horrendous. Very little ground was gained for either side. Both of the sides lost hundreds of thousands of men. All of that gave them no gain in distance.It was a negative battle for both sides, therefore neither side had won. It would be hard to choose if a side won because both lost so much and gained so little. Page 422 6. In what ways was World War I truly a world-wide conflict? World War I was a global conflict for a number of reasons. It involved fighting in many different nations. Not only in Europe but outside countries, such as United States, Japan, and the countri es of the British Empire which are Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, and South Africa). There wasnt a nation in the world that wasnt somewhat affected.The world was shifted. It involved a majority of the worlds great powers. 7. Do you think governments are Justified in illegalize war news? Why or why not? In wartime some censorship is necessary. People who do not value freedom tend to be cautious and censor too much. However sending out false news is not ethical. The government also wouldnt want a the great unwashed of panic. The enemy could also easily read their papers so they wouldnt want to give out information that might Jeopardize their battle plans. Censoring could help with rebellion against the government. . Which of the non- European countries had the greatest impact on the war effort? America had the greatest impact on World War l. Before we came in the Allies had virtually lost and even Britain was nearly overtaken. America also took part in the treaty. President Wilson attended the conference and was one of the four who created the inbuilt peace treaty. Page 427 6. Were the Versailles treaties fair? Consider all the nations affected. The Versailles readies were after World War l. The Versailles was fair to everyone except the Germans.Most of the nations got what they were looking for. Those nations made sure to get what they wanted for the pain and suffering that they had undergone. 7. Why might the European allies have been more interested in punishing Germany than in creating a lasting peace? The European allies still went to war with Germany. They would have their reasons to be interested in punishing them. They did kill their men. 8. Was the United States right to reject the Treaty of Versailles? Why or why not? Yes, because those terms towards the Germans were very harsh and not

“White Man’s Burden” and “Shooting an Elephant”

In the poem dust coat Mans Burden and set about Shooting an Elephant is converse about the two flannel men has a different point of views about imperialism and how the white treat the natives. White Mans Burden by Rudyard Kipling is talk about how does white service man sacrifice for the native during the imperialism. Shooting an elephant by George Orwell is talk about how does the white treat the natives by reflect the fashion shooting an elephant. White Mans Burden by Rudyard Kipling, the first identity of the white man is sacrifice for the natives, he was one believed in the virtues of imperialism in that period.As the text proof send forth the best ye breed-go bind your sons to exile, to serve your captives need to wait in heavy harness. The white man try to make difference to the natives, educated them was white mans job and the cast it as their goal. The second identity of the white man is racial and cultural stereotype, as the text proof Ye dare not stoop to less-nor c e very too loud on freedom to cloak your weariness, by all ye cry or whisper, by all ye leave or do. The white man have to be open mind about different market-gardening and to think about the way of white man teaching the native, be open mind to accept the natives culture as well too. Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell, Through the essay Orwell reflects the social condition at Burma as a result of British Imperialism and his own view on imperialism. The first identity of the white police officer was sub-divisional police officer of the town, an in an aimless. Second identity of the white police officer as he expresses is great sympathy for the crush Burmese.White police officer reflects the way he Killed the elephant, emotionally. As the text proof as soon as I saw the elephant I knew with staring(a) certainty that I ought not to shoot him. I did not in the least want to shoot him, I decide I could watch him a little bit make sure he did not turn savage again, and then go home. With the magical rifle in my hands I was momentarily worth watching. Suddenly I realized that I should have shot the elephant after all and finally he shot the elephant.In the essay the police officer feels truly stuck between his loyalty to Britain and his sincere distaste of imperialism. The police officer was kind open mind about the time of imperialism. ironically he shoot the elephant in order to maintain the integrity o the system of imperialism, In Orwell opinion imperialism take away peoples think, doing whatever to the expectation of other. The White mans burden compare to the Shooting an elephant they are both white, and the winner of the imperialism. But they have different view and thought about the imperialism.In the poem The white mans burden the white man to bring civilization to the natives, by educate them and take responsible to the native, and white man sacrifice a lot to the natives . In the essay shooting an elephant the white police officer think that the imper ialism was an evil thing to the natives, his sympathy for the oppressed native, tho in other hand he cant do anything about it. In conclusion the poem and essay was written during the Imperialism period, causing many an(prenominal) mix feelings between what is good and what is bad?But I feel so bad about the natives, why should white people have to flush about native? Because if you want to control over a country you need to know their culture and respect their culture this is call winner. Why is distinguished? Because we are human and we have to try everyone equally the way they should be treat. In shooting an elephant, the white police know that imperialism is evil thing to the native, at the time he couldnt do anything about. But today is different and we all equal respect each other, and live in freedom country.

Advertising Objectives Essay

Furthermore, Budweisers mission is to pursue a long-term growth strategy by pursuing high consumption markets and attaining a stanch market share among competitors. Budweiser has a strong brand name domestically, exactly for this particular region it bequeath need to implement a penetration strategy. Also, Budweiser leave behind think on securing valuable distribution channels including pubs and supermarkets. The product positioning strategy smooths competitive pricing and product differentiation.Inherently, the product reflects cultural values of the take country, with attributes much(prenominal) as caffeine and local flavors that represent regional preferences. The brand may potentially increase market share via acquisition of equity investment. tactical Details Product Various product attributes volition be localized to appeal to consumer tastes such as a diet/lighter version beer with caffeine. oblation smaller glass bottles, which align with European consumption volume trends, impart differentiate product packaging. The beer base content result be standardized but with local flavors based on market research.Also, based on potential research findings there is a possible product extension for an all-natural beer within the Austrian market. Additionally, products forget be available in mini kegs to support the younger market segment behavioral characteristics. Advertising Implementing TV, Radio, Direct mail, Print ads, and Internet will be necessary to keep up with competitive advertising within this region. Messaging will focus on initially creating awareness. Ultimately, message strategies will deliver a global brand through localized messaging.Internet advertising will be highly influential for the demographic market segment. Advertising will include viral ads, flash advertisements, and promotional incentives and incorporate sites such as MySpace and blogs (for the younger generation). Furthermore, sponsorship from popular celebrities or musi cians for events and products will appeal to the target market. Personal change Face to face education via account executives with clubs/pubs will be imperitive to earn awareness and motivate front-line distributors.Additionally, face-to-face points of contact in grocery stores and super/hypermarkets will be important in order to impact this a vast portion of purchases. These tasks will be contracted out to a local sales force that understands the culture, industry and competitive environment. Routine follow-ups and frequent interactions will be emphasised in order to maintain strong distributor relationships. Sales forwarding Incentives will be offered to club owners, super markets and so forth that will be based on volume discounts.A sales contest will also be commenced across the club/pub segment and the supermarket segment to increase purchases, emphasize product push through distribution channels and create awareness for caffeinated beer. Sub-brand specific websites will of fer promotional incentives as well (BOGO, etc). Sleek, appealing point of purchase displays will be exhibited in supermarkets. Promotional partnerships with exhibit a company, such as free iTunes downloads with purchase will be implemented to appeal to youthful market.Distribution Distribution will primarily focus on clubs/pubs, closely following the Red Bull distribution model and its flourishing success within this region. Distribution will also be emphasized in super and hypermarkets. Price Policy Pricing will remain competitive, but not premium. Also, based on market research, pricing will reflect that of energy drinks. Product differentiation and promotional efforts will not focus on price, but instead aim to increase purchasing through incentives such as volume discounts. ResearchA partnership with an experienced European market research agency (i. e. EURO, RSCG) will be imperative to monitoring quality perception and target market acceptance. Research will closely examine b rand recognition development over time. Data mining from distributors to track trends will also be influential in understanding consumption behaviors. Research will also be needed in evaluating the possibility of launching a more mainstream bud beer. Finally, based upon success within Austria, further research into surrounding countries will be necessary.

Music and no music condition Essay

The use of music seems to be a good way of operationalising the IV as many people do learn to the healthy of music so therefore the inequality between the music and no music turn back should be marked. Also, getting the participants to write down the words is a good way of measuring the DV as it means it is easy to collect and analyse the data.The try itself was quite simple and it seemed to measure what effects music has on learning. The independent variable was manipulated in such a way that it was hard for there to be anyway the results could make been affected significantly. Also because the measurement method was very simple there isnt a chance that the results could be interpreted in the wrong way.As the study was a laboratory investigate it doesnt have as high validity as a field experiment. Although the participants were not in a strange environment, the fact that they knew they were be examine whitethorn lower the ecologic validity of the study.Leading on from the fact that the study might have bad ecological validity, there is also the line of the study having bad participant reactivity. Seeing as they know they are being studied and they know they have to learn the list of words stipulation to them, they may try much harder than they normally would in their everyday life. There is the factor of social desirability and how some participants may deliberately try to ph unity fewer words.Improving ValidityAlthough it would be very difficult and expensive it could be possible to take the study outside the laboratory to increase the ecological validity of the study. You could monitor the participants while they are learning for something at home and while they are playing their own music in their rooms. They could then be tested unknowingly at school by one of their reachers.However, even if these changes were made, the results would probably still stay the very(prenominal). It has been proved before by numerous studies through by distinguis hable scientists that music does help when trying to learn. This is why students are encouraged to listen to wordless music when revising for exams.These changes would also help advance participant reactivity if they are studied in a familiar environment. It would give them a sense of security and the need to look cool is not needed anymore and there is no extra pressure put on them to learn because they dont have the feeling they are being examined.So, these changes could actually change the results slightly if only with a few participants. It might be found that there is higher recall in both conditions though but the difference may still stay the same.ReliabilityThe study is very easy to replicate as there is many references to other studies interchangeable to it. Also because the study is quite simple in itself and very cheap to do there are very rarely any problems in recreating it for different purposes.One possible confounding variable was introduced by the fact that there were four researchers in the room at the time of the study and they all knew the hypotheses. They may have tried give the participants help in recalling the words by giving hints and clues so that the results were more conclusive. This may have led to unreliable comparisons between conditions.As the study was a laboratory experiment it meant the researchers had good control over the study. The words that were chosen were all unambiguous so the participants would not have interpreted them in different ways. Also the test had been severely standardised. The words were shown on an over head projector so they were all looking at the same thing when learning was taking place. Also the testing was completed in the same room and at the same time of day for each condition so the participants were not feeling more tired in one condition than the other.Improving dependablenessThe only possible way to improve reliability was to keep researcher contact to a minimum or have a person in the room that was unaware of the hypothesis so they couldnt alter the study in any way. This would be difficult though because once they are in the room it does become quite obvious what the study is about.This could be controlled for by using an outside civilian to be the one person giving the participants instructions on what they have to do. There could be one person chosen for each condition so that they dont guess what the study is about.Even if these changes did increase the reliability of the study the only difference they might make to the results is to decrease the differences found between the two conditions.

Market Failures & Professional Dilemmas Essay

Based on the Edwards article which market failures or imperfections are present in the Lobster Thermidor shell? And back end you identify any in your professional life? Based on the Halbert & Ingulli reading (Making An Ethical Decision) apply the methods of honourable reasoning to these situations. Two market failures can be observed in the Lobster Thermidor case, a tragedy of public goods and informational deficiencies. First of all, the divers have to dive deeper, to the reverberate of diving safety, since overfishing has made the lobsters rare and to catch the lobster less than 30 meter down is getting harder and harder.This is the very typical case of public goods, where the public resources such as the lobsters under the sea are usually over-consumed by the individuals who try to maximize ones interest. Deforestation, which has destroyed the entire farming industry and pressure Miskitos out to entirely rely on diving, was another tragedy caused by the overconsumption of th e public goods, forest. Secondly, both the divers and the end-consumers make wrong, irrational decisions cause of the lack of information.Divers, who do not recognize the true market price of lobsters as well as the true price of potential risks, bargain away their goods with smallish risk of exposure pay allowances. Also, the consumers, who have no idea about the severe fishing environment in Honduras, are reluctant to pay more than current prices, create lower than it should be at the cost of human lives. The fellowship where I worked prior to school has always tried its best to remove any little elements of competition in its area.If there were a small notwithstanding promising start-up with innovative idea and technology, that company used every means most were sub judice or grey while a few were nearly illegal- to get rid of the potential threats. For instance, it quickly imitates the new technology of the start-up, take out the homogeneous patent, scout the core human r esources, block off the critical suppliers and seed funds, cut the price of competitive goods to the minimum level, and do hostile M&A. This case also showed the issues related to public goods and informational deficiencies.The company attempted to minimize the production/dissemination of new technologies, which can be considered as public goods, and the newborn ventures could not protect themselves cause of the limited access to the information. From the utilitarianism perspective, these are reasonable and desirable attempts because the larger number of stakeholders can be satisfied. My company had more than 20,000 employees while the mean(a) start-ups have no more than 100 employees.Considering the families of employees, shareholders, subcontractors, and the related industries, maximizing profit of my company could bring higher utilities than the success of small ventures. Even in long-term, my companys decision would not be wrong since the possibility of success of start-ups are extremely low compared to the global conglomerates. My company, which has the global network, huge infrastructure, and accumulated knowhow can exploit the new technology better and thereby encourage the social progress.In contrast, from the deontological view, it was absolutely wrong. My company not only hindered the fair competition but also committed illegal acts. Whether the result proved positive or negative is not important for the deontologists. Finally, it was not proper when applying the concept of virtue ethics since the motives of the actions of the company was not correct and contributes nearly nothing to the harmonious relationship with the community it belonged.

Market Outlooks Simbrand

PRACTICE bike European contract is already at a good take aim. The yearly take beginth is estimated to be in the midst of 30 and blow% yearlyly, depending on the segment. In the Asian grocery the charter level currently is low, but the gravelth is anticipate to be compensate higher than in Europe. In both Europe and Asia the return go forth be fastest during the next couple of years, laterward which the growth is likely to slow down. In any case, the consensus among analysts is that the growth place bequeath be collateral for several years to come.The high-end segments in both the consumer and company segments play a major role in the first years. Later on, with merchandise penetration, the low-end segments might well dominate the gross gross r neverthelessue volumes. Because PDAs be still kind of unfamiliar products especially among low-end segments, and since the companies are virgin and thus unknown, it is all-important(prenominal) to think carefully ab off ad and channel investment decisions. Advertising and channel investments bemuse a long-run government issue on accept and therefore, it might be or else risky to neglect these vault of heavens of the marketing mix completely.Finally, the groups fiscal officers as well as executives of the production company have emphasized the importance of accurate gross revenue forecasts. Budgets are useless if forecasted sales are far from reality, which usually slumps the quality of decisions significantly. In addition, production facilities proceeds is preliminarily planned according to the forecasts. Large adjustments required in case of poor forecasts result in increase unit costs. tumid 1 European demand is already at a good level. The annual demand growth is estimated to be between 30 and 100% annually, depending on the segment.In the Asian market the demand level currently is low, but the growth is pass judgment to be even higher than in Europe. In both Europe and Asia the g rowth will be fastest during the next couple of years, after which the growth is likely to slow down. In any case, the consensus among analysts is that the growth range will be optimistic for several years to come. The high-end segments in both the consumer and company segments play a major role in the first years. Later on, with market penetration, the low-end segments might well dominate the sales volumes.Because PDAs are still rather unfamiliar products especially among low-end segments, and since the companies are late and thus unknown, it is important to think carefully ab bring out publicizing and channel investment decisions. Advertising and channel investments have a long-term effect on demand and therefore, it might be rather risky to neglect these areas of the marketing mix completely. Finally, the groups financial officers as well as executives of the production company have emphasized the importance of accurate sales forecasts.Budgets are useless if forecasted sales are far from reality, which usually decreases the quality of decisions significantly. In addition, production facilities yield is preliminarily planned according to the forecasts. Large adjustments required in case of poor forecasts result in increase unit costs. ROUND 2 The integral sales of PDAs in Europe are expected to grow hundreds of %. Growth will be fastest among the low-end segments. However, the expense elasticity of these segments is rather high and thus the procurableness of cheaper models with reasonable features has a significant impact on the realized growth.The demand growth estimates for Asia seem even more promising than for Europe. In Asia, the market is still clearly dominated by high-end segments. By religious offering new high-tech models the companies can create more demand. Competence indices started to grow from the starting point of 100 but some analysts are waiting to see products with compactness and battery life ranging in between 105 110 this yea r. However, the production line cost of 3. 5 M is high considering the rather baseborn size of the markets at the moment. This will certainly limit the enthusiasm in launching new models with keen new features.On the other hand, using the latest technology, that the R&D investments in the previous design have created, decreases the risk that products fabricate obsolete rapidly. Therefore, new advanced products brought to markets now might turn out to be actually successful in the long run. If companies decide to launch new products, they have to be sure that their products are not too close to individually other in terms of features. law of similarity causes the products to cannibalize each other. The financial market is turning cautious and more risk averse.The involvement evaluate for start-ups are skyrocketing to two-digit figures. Companies are hit as soon as they run out of equity. ROUND 3 The adoption of PDAs is still accelerating in both market areas. Most analysts fo recast that the stage of rapid growth is going to last for at least a couple of years, but later on the proportional growth will probably decrease. In addition, Asian growth figures are estimated to be constantly larger than the European ones. PDA markets in Asia have undergone significant structural changes as low-end segments have gained a ground in a relatively short period.What is more, it seems that the growth of low-end segments is mainly attributable to the areas associated with the lowest standard of financial support in the world. Companies are able to produce the corresponding products they offered last year at a raze cost. This is partly due to economies of scale. In addition, lower costs are a result of knowledge improvements, i. e. as competence indices increase the precedent models can be produced more efficiently. Even though the low-end segments have incur more and more important, companies cannot afford to cut R&D investments considerably.High-end segments ar e willing to pay more for innovative models and as a result they are going to be important especially in monetary terms in the future. The size of new PDAs is already very reasonable. Nowadays, the typical frontal area of a high-end device is largely covered by the display and further decreases in size will probably not be appreciated as much as previously. The components have also been pushed to very small sizes. As a result of rapidly emergence PDA markets, the economies of scale factor has been fall the unit costs along with the increase in the technological know-how resulting from the R&D efforts.Interest rates remain at high levels. Therefore, interest payments might become a significant burden for highly leveraged companies. ROUND 4 As estimated in the previous period, the PDA markets in both continents continue to grow rapidly. Due to the vast population in Eastern Asia, the Asian households should grow to be the biggest segment even in global terms at the end of this perio d. However, the high price sensitivity of the segment will probably lead to low unit margins resulting in high growth at the expense of gelt margins.Moreover, the high-end segments seem to be rather saturated and the increase in sales is about to stall to the level of repurchases. The differences in the Asian segments seem to continue to be larger than the differences in the European segments. This holds for all the preferences. What is more, the price sensitivities of the Asian segments are very different. As the number of models available in the markets has increased, the design has become a more important determinant of demand. This trend is prevailing in Europe.Comprehensive market research carried out in Europe revealed a challenging matter related to cutting edge design. High-end segments seem to appreciate avant-garde even more than before. However, some of the low-end customers reacted rather negatively to the design. Interest rates are at the same level as in the previous round. ROUND 5 As estimated, the growth of demand for PDAs has decelerated in both market areas. The deceleration of growth will turn into negative figures in high-end segments. However, the demand of low-end segments in both Europe and Asia might still grow at the rate of 100 %.As demand growth among all segments has been above 70 % in the juvenile years, these pessimistic scenarios bring about new challenges for the management in the future. Advertising seems to have a bigger effect on consumer segments than on unified segments. The consumers response to advertising is approximately twice the response of the corporate segments according to the latest consumer research reports. aboriginal banks all over the world have rock-bottom their steering rates in order to fall the severity of a threatening recession. As a result the interest rate level has decreased significantly.Moreover, the companies in the industry are now financially sound. The risk premium in the rates is decreas ing. ROUND 6 The stage of rapid growth seems to be over in both Europe and Asia. withdraw for PDAs is still increment globally but the growth rates are far from what they used to be. What is more, the long-term forecasts show that demand growth is going to slow down continuously as the markets mature further. However, the total size of both markets is rather large as a result of the rapid growth in previous years. Therefore, companies with satisfactory market shares should be able to earn nice profits.The high-end segments seem to appreciate functions, peradventure more than expected. Therefore, an extensive set of functions is required from the most popular models. As a result, the importance of functions is expected to grow gradually among low-end segments as well. However, the cost of adding functions is estimated to increase as the demand for them increases globally and the specific components become scarce. Interest rates continue to decrease. However, the difference between current and last rounds level is not very significant.Excluding the function-specific components (digital camera lenses, headsets, 3G-technology etc. ), the material costs should decrease as the most important manufacturers have managed to increase production capacity considerably. ROUND 7 The total demand for PDAs is still growing globally. The industry has clearly reached a stage of maturity and as a result, a significant growth in sales can only be achieved by increasing market share. Since typical devices are now characterized by large displays and advanced multimedia features, improving battery life and saving electricity consumption have become more challenging.The state of the world economy is rather unchanged and the interest rates are at the previous rounds level ROUND 8 lend Global growth rate is about the turn into negative figures, the competition for market share is expected to intensify. The number of products available has increased in both markets and as a result, the risk of similar products cannibalizing each other has become very real. Therefore, companies that manage to find new and innovative combinations of features might sell dozens of devices at good prices.The most important piece of news of this period relates to the components. New double-core technology introduced by the two biggest manufacturers is going to revolutionize the processing speed, size and power usage of the devices in the near future. Therefore, investments in R&D are expected to produce new competences more efficiently than ever before. What is more, the new components are cheaper to manufacture and as a result, production costs are expected to remain at the current level for the next few years and to decrease after this.Economies in Asia are growing rapidly after the recent recession and thus, the interest rates might increase slightly. However, there are still many uncertainties in the worlds economy, for example, high unemployment in the EU and skyrocketing deb t levels in the USA. ROUND 9 Despite the expected economic upturn, unemployment is still at high levels in most of the European countries. In addition, both consumer and business confidence indices have reached a decade low.Mostly as a result of these economic factors, the aggregate demand of PDAs in Europe is estimated to decrease for the first time in history. Households are the only segment that is associated with growth in demand. However, the price level has a large effect on the development and the realized demand might be somewhat different from these forecasts. In Asia on the other hand, the rapid economic growth continues and as a result, according to the analysts, the demand for PDAs continues to grow. The new times of components has rapidly replaced the old ones.Companies are expected to launch several new models with advanced features. According to recent market information, the high-end segments in Asia are highly appreciative of the latest technology. The component pr ices have decreased earlier than expected. The development is going to be reflected in the unit costs already in this period. Interest rates continue to increase mostly because of the favorable economic development in Asia. ROUND 10 As the markets have matured and competition has become ever tougher, especially in Europe market demand for PDAs has substantially decreased.This put an increased emphasis on marketing, features and price of the product. The overall gustatory sensation of entertainment and good looks is still strong among households as is security for the corporations. According to market analysts, the weak European market development will most likely continue next year and now would be the time to consolidate ones market position especially in Asia. Even though Asian market development was better than in Europe they too are expected to decrease more drastically next year.Analysts also predict a further reduction in sales next year due to the fact that second hand produ cts are expected to come available in masses. As the broader market becomes more stable, mainly due to the strict interest rate policies of the largest substitution banks, and as the size of PDA market decreases material prices reach a new low. The decrease in material and manufacturing prices partly offsets the decrease in sales figures. Central banks fearing market overheating in Asia have yet increased their interest rates creating some financial trouble for the highly levered companies.

Performance Management in Non-Profit Organizations Essay

Non-Profit organizations atomic number 18 sure to divvy up whatever the most challenging step forwards affecting parliamentary procedure ending violence in inner-city communities, educating disadvantaged children, diminishing wellness disparities and empowering disfranchised populations to bring about change are just a few of these very unwieldy tasks non-profits take on. Considering the importance of that work and the pivotal role these organizations play in alleviating the burden of those issues to society, it is fair to cite that non-profits are held against high expectations and consequently need to plant s signalisear act to live up to the magnitude of the scope of the work they were trusted upon. It is to a fault fair to say that their surgery will non plainly affect their bottom lines, but also the offbeat of the communities they hang. commonplace and non-profit-making organizations signifi tricktly affect, and commence keen potential to improve, the liv es of citizens and communities in much(prenominal) areas as usual safety, transportation, parks and recreation, economic development, education, housing, macrocosm wellness, environmental attention, quadrangle exploration, affable function, and to a greater extent than(prenominal). In each of these areas there is interest, and sometimes very great interest, in ensuring that public and noncommercial organizations perform well and jockstrap society to move forward. (Berman, 2005) feel at nonprofits from that viewpoint and understanding the meeting their murder has on society, one would think that these organizations are usually driven by vector sums and get hold of high-octane functioning circumspection systems in place. The truth is that it is non the case, non-profits are k straightn to be mission-driven and the nonion of capital punishment-based focussing is somewhat newfound to most of those organizations. Non-profit organizations are of increasing importan ce in modern economies, not plainly as providers of goods and services but also as employers (Speckbecker, 2003). Moreover, there seems to be a growing sentiency that nonprofits need circumspection just as for-profit organizations do.As Speckbecker says Twenty years ago, management was a seedy word for those involved in nonprofit organizations (Speckbecker, 2003). It inculpatet business, and nonprofits prided themselves on be free of the taint of commercialism and higher up such sordid considerations as the bottom line. Now most of them overhear hold ined that nonprofits need management fifty-fifty more than business does, precisely because they lack the discipline of the bottom line. (Speckbecker, 2003).In the business world, marketplace forces serve as feedback utensils. Companies that perform well are rewarded by customers and investors underperformers are penalized. transaction is relatively flourishing to quantify through quarterly earnings, ROI, customer loyalty scores, and the like. Moreover, such metrics fag be adjust and examined, ensuring that the companies producing the best results will attract capital and talent. Managers are encouraged to invest in the people, systems, and infrastructure unavoidable to continue delivering superior death penalty.And internal feedback mechanisms, from up-to-the-minute operating info to performance reviews, keep everyone foc utilise on critical activities and endings. In the nonprofit world, missions, not markets, are the primary magnets attracting essential resources, from donors inspired by organizations loud goals from board members, who not only volunteer their time and expertise but also often serve as major funders and from employees, who accept modest paychecks to do work they contend passionately about. (Bradach, 2005) at that place are many opportunities for performance good in the Non-profit field and there are many organizations that permit masteryfully used performance mea re ceivedment methods. This paper looks at some areas in which improvement has often been recognise and sought in recent years in order tobetter serving external stakeholders needs, modify organizational effectiveness and using resources in effect, improving project management, and increasing productivity through people. Modern performance improvements efforts often raise the bar in these areas, and motorbuss are increasingly expected to be familiar with the strategies and standards that they involve. These areas quip important opportunities for increasing performance and productivity.When it comes to performance management in nonprofit, the first issue that comes to play is how to coiffe performance. When dealing with a segment whose products are not discernible, how brook one define the effectiveness of that physique of work? At the same time, the expectations being placed on these organizations to show results by their staff members, their boards, and public and private dono rs are rising. Nonprofit leaders are put in a difficult bit where they need to demonstrate accountability and quantify the goals they want to achieve. For that reason, most of them ware resorted to a set of normally used performance legal professions to ensure they are being much more explicit about the results they designate to deliver and the strategies theyll apply to achieve them. This paper will discuss some of the performance whole steps used in the non-profit sector.Performance MeasurementPerformance measuring stick is the activity of documenting the activities and accomplishments of syllabuss. (Thomas J. Tierney and Nan Stone, 2005). The performance of a nonprofit can be touchstoned by quantifying outcomes and outputs that have been achieved through the services they deliver. For example, by showing how well students in a certain school district are doing with standard testing scores, reduction in transmittable disease rates and how many inmates were connected with housing and jobs after discharge. It is about measuring what programs are rightfully achieving and letting people know how resources are being translated into results. Performance amount systems provide considerable power point about programs. It can be argued that performance bill by itself does not constitute performance improvement it is an information-gathering outline. However, the purposes to which this information is put are clearly associated with improving performance (Berry, 2003).Coming from the point of view that performance is in the eye of the beholder and again revisiting the issue that nonprofits deal with issues that may not be tangible and are hard to quantify, the first question one can ask is who is watching non-profits to make sure they are doing a good job? Moreover, what qualifies as a good job for an organization such as AIDS Action? A cure for AIDS has not been found yet does it mean that organization failed? Understanding what performance for nonprofi ts is may not be as clear cut and consecutive forward as it is for for-profits.After all, we are not looking at how many pairs of shoes have been sold or how many new branches of a bank have been closed. We are looking at quality of life indicators and those are much harder to measure. The most fundamental conclusiveness a nonprofit can make is to define the results it must deliver in order to be advantageful. That process entails translating the organizations mission into goals that are simultaneously compelling copious to attract ongoing support from stakeholders and specific enough to inform resource allocations. (Thomas J. Tierney and Nan Stone, 2005)Most traditional management accounting systems are based on monetary results and their practical relevance for performance management in for profit organizations is obvious. However, the mental institution of profit as be as a way to measure results is not valid for nonprofit organizations. Clearly, this does not oust that nonprofit organizations generate profits in the sense that they generate a cash surplus. For example, a infirmary or a theater may calculate the surplus of specific products (a specific operation or a play at the theater) or the surplus during a exceptional period. (Speckbacher, 2003). However, the main difference is that even though these non-profits had a surplus, their focus is still their mission. They didnt make decisions based on how they could make more money they made decisions based on what was better for their programs. The fundamental difference between profitable and non-profit organizations when it comes to financial decision making is that for the latter the mission is still the focus.The past several decades have seen unprecedented appendage in the scope and complexity of descents between regimen and nonprofit organizations. These relationships have been more fruitful than many critics had feared and more problematic than many advocates had hoped. In the recent ye ars, regimens have increasingly relied on non-profits to address issues on a community-level. Non-profits deal with a wide array of issues and for each of these topics these break-danceicular non-profits are experts on that subject.The political relation has acknowledged that expertise and also the fact that those organizations are usually community-based and more in tune with the particular needs of those communities or interest groups. As governments dependence on nonprofits for public services, usually through contracts and grants, has increase, government officials have steadily increased their accountability demands for nonprofits, especially through greater law and performance-based contracting (Behn, 2001). Expectations for information and greater transparency in programmatic and financial operations are also on the rise at both the state and federal levels. In addition, many leading associations representing nonprofit organizations have called for greater levels of self -regulation, including better governance procedures (Maryland Association of Nonprofits, 2009 Panel on the Nonprofit Sector, 2007).A very greenness concept that derived from this relationship between government and nonprofits is performance based contracting. This paper will review that concept and outline a few additional come alonges Non-Profits can use to measure performance.Performance ContractingPerformance Contracting became very popular in the mid-90s with the reinventing government movement. immature public management (NPM) practices generated a ear in the interest level from the government in doing business with non-profits. And due to this increased interest, all the ideas and concepts that relate improving the performance of public services transcended to the non-profit arena. Moreover, this movement and the related NPM encouraged policy makers to adopt more market-based strategies for addressing public problems, such as contracting with private nonprofit and for-pro fit agencies (Lynn, 1998).In addition, the wel farawaye reform edict of 1996 buildd the Transitional Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program, replacing the long-standing Aid to Dependent Families and Children (AFDC) program (Berman, 2005). A central particle of the new TANF program was performance-based contracts to encourage service providers to place individuals in permanent employment quickly (Berman, 2005). These contracts were also part of a broader system embodied by TANF to reduce the role of cash assistance in helping low-income individuals hearty services delivered extensively by nonprofit and for-profit agencies through performance contracts were designed to help individuals who might have previously relied on cash assistance to obtain employment and/or learn new skills to prepare themselves for the labor market (Berman, 2005).Non-profit organizations greatly benefited from these new trends in New Public focal point which allowed them to conquer a bigger space i n the public arena, as they had increased visibility and more access to resources. Under the core principles of that movement, communities had to be empowered to address their own problems and the federal government trusted non-profits to implement high-level projects, as pointed out before. Consequently, governments become increasingly dependent on such organizations to harness some of the more critical issues in society.And due to the fact these issues, such as welfare, violence cake and land preservation are of high interest to the government officials constituents accountability came in to play. These performance-based contracts are being executed with tax dollars and the government officials need to be accountable to their voters on how these resources are being allocated and what results those programs are bringing. What it comes down to is that Non-Profits are in charge of executing what elected officials promise their constituents. in that locationfore, the need to enter contracts with a clear expectation of how the budget will support programs and goals and how those monies will translate into improvements to that community or segment.Non-Profits greatly benefit from this relationship with government. From both the point of view of business development, since their contract revenue has profoundly increased with the grants and contracts received from the federal government. And from the point of view of implementing performance management activities, since this new way of conducting business pave the way for the introduction of valuable concepts related to performance management in non-profits. In Summary, new public management brought a new set of ideas and principles that were embraced by nonprofits and changed some of their paradigm with regards to their own definition of success and they relationship with their mission. Performance started to be evaluated by directly connecting program budget to goals and outcomes to understand the impact of th ose contracts had on addressing the issues at hand.Over time, performance contracting spread to a wide variety of service palm in the United States and elsewhere. New York City, for instance, has restructured hundreds of millions of dollars of contracts with social and health agencies as performance contracts. Some state governments have privatized at least some of their child welfare services by shifting public services provided by state or county staff to performance-based contracts with nonprofits, with the goal of improving the efficiency and effectiveness of child welfare services (Courtney, 2000).The same has been done by the Health Resource Service Administration (HRSA) and Substance exclaim Mental Health Administration (SMAHSA), in the past five years when they increased substantially the reinforcement available to communities to address major public health epidemics, such as HIV and Heroine/Crack use, that the government alone wouldnt be able to tackle. collect to the m agnitude of these contracts and the threat these issues pose to society, the issue of performance has been addressed tirelessly and governments pressured nonprofits to come up with a set of measures to account for their performance and their ability to carry through the terms of those contracts.The benefits and disadvantages of performance contracts have been extensively discussed in recent years. Within the performance management strategy movement, other strategies have been employed that strive to be more nonprofit-centric. These strategies include benchmarking, logical system manikins, balanced bill of fares, and social return on investment (SROI). any of these strategies have been used to measure performance in non-profit organizations in recent years and can illustrate examples of how organizations are applying management concepts to their operations. (Heinrich and Marschke, 2008). The Performance management contracts introduced nonprofits to these concepts and in result th ey became better able to manage their own performance as a whole, and not only when it relates to these contracts. (Heinrich and Marschke, 2008). All these concepts will be discussed in this paper.BenchmarkingBenchmarking involves identifying excellence and using it as a standard by which to measure performance. Benchmarking entails an effort to equalise a specific nonprofit organization (or set of agencies) with other comparable organizations. It has its grow in the for-profit management world where companies are often compared on various measures, including profitability. The attraction of benchmarking is that it offers nonprofits a mechanism for them to assay their organizations, including administrative costs, the efficiency of their fund-raising operations, and number of members in simile with other organizations with similar missions and profiles. Outcome evaluation is also very mixed, so benchmarking offers a strategy for program improvement and greater accountability, e ven in the absence of specific outcome data that are often lacking for many nonprofit programs (Kara D. Rutowski, Jeffery K. Guiler and Kurt E. Schimmel, 2007).Looking again at the issue that the product delivered by nonprofits may not be so advantageously measured and quantifiable as services and products in the for-profit industry, it is harder for nonprofits to assess their own performance looking at standard reports. For instance, lets look at an HIV Testing Program whose goals are to make headway HIV testing and raise awareness of risk factors. Hypothetically, lets consider that such program tested 1000 people during a wedded year and only 4 were positive. How will they measure their performance based on those numbers? That can be quite difficult to determine if a 4% seropositivity rate is an indicator for success or failure. However, using the benchmarking go up this program can compare itself to how it did as it relates to other programs serving similar populations and o btaining similar results.According to HIVqual (HIVqual.org), an organization that specializes in providing benchmarking for contrary clinical indicators for HIV treatment, despite seeming low that 4% rate is well above the national average. The content average according to the HIVQual Project is about 1%. In this case an apparent low performance indicator, 4%, turned out to be an excellent outcome. Without access to that kind of information that program manager would not know how well he was doing and whether or not his program was being successful.Undeniably benchmarking tends to be most helpful with easy to obtain information, such as number of administrators, membership levels, and the amount of donations. However, the health care industry utilizes it a little more house-to-housely, especially when looking at health outcomes of a particular community and health disparities data. The field of Public Health has also embraced that strategy for community-wide data evaluation, such as rates of violence and STD transmission, and used it to compare how effectively neighborhoods have addressed such problems. Also, the capital of Massachusetts Public Health Commission compares individual program data with city-wide data to determine how well a program is performing in comparison to others. Benchmarking is an attainable way to measure performance, as non-profits are comparing their outcomes to national and local averages they can have a clear idea of where they rank and where they need to improve. However, that approach can only be utilized if such data exists.As mentioned before, in the health care industry this method is widely used and there are plenty of data available on clinical outcomes. Different types of benchmarking may be undertaken, depending upon what the organization hopes to achieve (Rutowski, Guiler & Schimmel, 2007). Industry benchmarking, or functional benchmarking, is the measurement of several aspects of the companys operations and a comparison of these across an industry. Competitive benchmarking is used to compare an organization with its competitors. Process or generic benchmarking is used to compare similar procedures at different companies. there has been relatively little research exploring benchmarking in nonprofit organizations outside of the healthcare industry (Rutowski, Guiler & Schimmel, 2007). Hopefully, nonprofits will adopt the trend set by healthcare and employ this strategy as a performance measurement technique more efficiently in the upcoming years. oddmentd ScorecardsAnother performance management strategy commonly utilized by nonprofits is the balanced notice developed by Robert Kaplan in 2002. The balanced circuit board is intended to counter the criticism from within the nonprofit sector that the application of certain types of performance management strategies borrowed from the for-profit sector do not sufficiently account for the social mission and treasures of many nonprofits (Berman, 2005 ).Kaplan describes the innovation of the balanced scorecard as follows The balanced scorecard retains traditional financial measures. But financial measures tell the story of past events, an adequate story for industrial age companies for which investments in long-term capabilities and customer relationships were not critical for success. These financial measures are inadequate, however, for guiding and evaluating the journey that information age companies must make to create future value through investment in customers, suppliers, employees, processes, technology, and innovation. (Kaplan, 2002)The balanced scorecard is a strategic-planning tool that seeks to commingle financial, programmatic, operational, and mission-related objectives, so a nonprofit way can strive to create a more efficient and effective organization while at the same time remaining faithful to its mission. (Berman, 2005). The balanced scorecard does involve a significant investment by a nonprofit organization because of its substantial data requirements and the need for extensive consultation among the different stakeholders of a nonprofit, including the board, staff, clients, community members, and funders. As a result, the balanced scorecard tends to be embraced by larger nonprofit and public organizations eager to drive substantial change in their operations.The balanced scorecard is also particularly worthwhile for organizations that seek to rethink or improve their relationship with their users, such as parents in a family-service agency or patients in the case of a hospital. In this sense, the balanced scorecard reflects the enhanced primacy placed on responsiveness to customers in all types of organizations (Berman, 2005). However, despite its holistic approach to organizational strategy, the balanced scorecard tends to focus on measurable indicators of costs and program example and thus is not widely used to consider the citizenship and community-building role of nonprofits alt hough it potentially could be used to address these issues. (Berman, 2005) Also, the measurement of program impact through the balanced scorecard approach remains challenging given the difficulty of obtaining relevant outcome data because of the expense and the long-term effects of many nonprofit programs. (Berman, 2005)Balance score cards are a viable alternative for nonprofit organizations. In this system, one takes a look at various elements affecting performance and not a single isolated measure. Due to the fact that non-profits are very in tune with their mission, and are constantly focusing on nerve-racking to allocate their limited resources efficiently in order to achieve their goals, this system works very effectively as it provides these organizations with this bigger-picture view they much need. The balanced scorecard system has a multiple focus on several perspectives, including financial performance, and that will give nonprofits the tools they need to make decisions r egarding where moneys will be invested in comparison with performance analysis of different programs. For a nonprofit organization, profit is not a determining goal of strategy but no margin, no mission. Therefore, they need to be able to put their money where they can see results.The other issue to be considered with this approach is stakeholder involvement. In this case, the balanced scorecard provides a comprehensive cloth that will help association directors and managers better define strategies, track performance, and provide data to show their various stakeholder groups how well they are performing in terms of mission value and outcomes. It helps as far as celebrating their successes and selling their message to others. Well-rounded and well-presented results will make those organizations look more appealing and that could potentially attract endowments, additional contracts and positive publicity.Logic ModelsAnother performance management approach that is widely used by nonp rofits is a logic model. As a matter of fact, many public and private funders now require nonprofit grant and contract applicants to develop a logic model as part of their grant application. Logic Models have become a standard performance measure for contracts due to the fact that they focus on process and outcomes. Logic models force nonprofits to map the entire production process for their programs, from the sign inputs such as staff and resources to the long term outcomes.For funders, logic models offer an opportunity to hold nonprofits accountable for the implementation of their programs. Thus, funders could sanction a nonprofit that fell short of its intended service deliver model after a contract or grant was awarded (Berman, 2005). For Nonprofits, logic models allow them to select which outcomes they want to achieve, so they can focus their efforts on achieving these particular goals. These goals are not chosen randomly, this consists of a logic process, from a cause-consequ ence frame of reference therefore, these goals are very achievable and these organizations are very likely to succeed.Logic models have certainly caught the attention of nonprofits nationwide. Arguably their greatest value is on the front-end of service implementation. Ideally, the process of creating a logic model should engage a broad spectrum of a nonprofit agencys staff and volunteers in thinking about impact and outcomes (Berman, 2005). This level of involvement helps them refine their strategies and win the support of agency stakeholders. By having everyone on board, these agencies will be more likely to achieve program goals. Logic models as a strategy to drive better outcomes and help funders select the most effective agencies for funding remains quite problematic. Furthermore, logic models tend to focus on programmatic performance and generally do not engage the agency in thinking about governance or citizenagency relationships. (Berman, 2005)SROI kindly Return on invest ingAnother performance strategy designed for nonprofits that also take into account their difficulties in evaluating programs and defining success is the Social Return on Investment (SROI). This strategy was pioneered by JedEmerson and colleagues at the Roberts Foundation in San Francisco who envisage SROI as a vehicle for assessing the social value of nonprofit programs. Too often, nonprofit programs, especially social service programs, are evaluated quite narrowly and thus may not appear to demonstrate significant value for the community (Berman, 2005). Topics, such as quality of life, positive decision making, civic pride and phylogenetic relation for diversity, for instance, are very hard to measure. One can measure how many people attended a benefit to raise autism awareness, but how can we measure how the lives of those who attended were impacted by their participation? accusation that challenge in mind, SROI is designed to overcome this problem through a more inclusive appr oach to thinking about costs and benefits that consider the savings to society of nonprofit services. For example, a persons employment because of job training and placement by a nonprofit would produce long-term benefits for society that should be considered when evaluating the impact of a nonprofit program (Tuan, 2008). This type of argument may be a hard one to make. There is the counter-argument whether or not current citizens are paying for current services. There is also the counter-argument that tax dollars should be directly benefiting tax payers, and projects such as school renovations may survive more appealing than investing on something that people will see results in the long run. alike to other performance management initiatives, SROI focuses on programmatic impact rather than governance (Tuan, 2008). SROI is also quite complicated in practice so its adoption within the nonprofit sector has been quite limited, although the conceptual framework employed in SROI has enc ouraged funders and nonprofits to approach social impact more inclusively and to be rigorous and data-driven in thinking about costs and benefits. SROI has also spawned other efforts to think broadly about the social value of nonprofits (Tuan, 2008).In times where government and the country in general faces a dreadful budget crises making decisions from where to cut from such an abstract idea may be not the best way to measure performance as it relates to results from financial investments. This approach is probably the one that makes moresense from a long-term perspective. However, many non-profits can not afford that kind of thinking and need to have more tangible data to account for their performance. The idea of social impact can and should be used for lobbying and for getting buy-in from constituents however, resting on that strategy to justify resource allocation and to measure results may be a risky decision to make.ConclusionOverall, the varied performance management strateg ies commonly used by nonprofit organizations tend to play down attention to internal management and governance as well as the external relations in favor of a focus on impact and the relevant costs and benefits (Berman, 2005). As previously discussed, the biggest issue faced by non-profits is the fact that their product may not be as easily defined as the services and goods are in the for profit world. The issue of the market inclination and how people are responding to their services is also another important one to be kept in mind. Non-profits are not dictated by their consumers behaviors, but by the environment as a whole. The definition of success in the nonprofit world is very complex and can be looked at from different angles as explained through the strategies above.Non-profits have increasingly tried to incorporate performance management strategies to its practices. And although the management of these organizations may be a little more in tune with those principles, we can not forget that those concepts may not be as evident to their staff. For many of the direct line staff, it is very hard to evidence the impact of performance management on management decisions and service improvements. Managers may be aware of the value of performance measurement in influencing decisions and improving services, but sometimes the communication with staff tend to be broad and disappointingly vague. As non-profits utilize these concepts to run their operations, they need to understand that front line staff needs to be equally aware of how the organization is performing and how that affects them. There is a presumed linkage to budget decisions, although promised in theory, is often difficult to detect in practice. Manynon-profits have been good about disseminating those ideas among their managers, but that may not have been equally successful in getting their staff on board.In conclusion, performance management in nonprofit is a very broad topic that can be viewed from many different perspectives. The need to become more accountable to results has forced many of these organizations to adopt performance management systems. There are a few commonly used systems as explained in this paper, they each have their strengths and their weakness and it is up to each nonprofit manager to decide which one suits them best. This is a very new field, however, that has emerged with New Public Management and become more prominent in the 90s.There is a lot of manner for new theories and approaches to be developed, and I am sure in the near future we will be hearing more innovative concepts coming into play. Regardless from which angle you look at predominance for nonprofit organizations, there will always be the issue of hard-to-define products and goals. And there will always be the ethnical issues within those organizations where staff may not be as in tune as managers are of the needs to define success and measure performance. People join non-profits because they have affinity with their missions and the idea that they have to achieve goals and quotas may not be as tangible to them as their desire to help others.BIBLIOGRAPHY1. Bradach, Jeffrey (2005). Non-Profit Effectiveness. Washington, DC Brookings cornerstone Press. 2. L., Thomas, J. Tierney, and Nan Stone (2006). Delivering on the promise of nonprofits. Harvard Business Review. 3. Lencioni, Pat. Nonprofits vs. For-Profits Mission and Performance. Business Week Online 6 May 2009. General Reference Center Gold. Web. 1 May 2010. 4. Berry, J.M. (2003). A voice for nonprofits. Washington, DC Brookings Institution Press. 5. Behn, R.D. (2001) Rethinking democratic accountability. Washington, DC Brookings Institution Press. 6. Behn, R.D., & Kant, P.A. (1999). Strategies for avoiding the pitfalls of performance contracting. Public Productivity & Management Review, 22, 470-489 7. Blalock, A.B., & Barnow, B.S. (2004).Is the new obsession with performance management masking the truth about so cial programs? In D. W. Forsythe (Ed.), Quicker, better, cheaper? Managing performance in American government (pp. 485-519). Albany, NY Rockefeller Institute Press. 8. Bovaird, T., & Downe, J. (2009). Innovation in public engagement and co-production of services. Meta-evaluation of the local government modernization agenda-White policy paper. 9. Emerson, J., Wachowicz, J., & Chun, S. (2000). Social return on investment Exploring aspects of value creation in the nonprofit sector. San Francisco The Roberts Foundation. Retrieved December 6, 2009 10. Lynn, L.E., Jr. (1998). The new public management How to transform a theme into a legacy. Public Administration Review, 58, 231-237. 11. Lyons, M. (in press). Australia A act love affair with the new public management. In S. Phillips & S. R. Smith (Eds.), Governance and regulation in the trine sector. London Routledge. 12. Marris, P., & Rein, M. (1982). Dilemmas of social reform Poverty and community action in the United States. gelt Univ ersity of Chicago Press. 13. Marshall, T.H. (1964). Class, citizenship, and social development Essays. New York Doubleday. 14. Berman, Evan M. Productivity in Public and Nonprofit Organizations. Armonk, NY, USA M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 2005. p 15. 15. Tuan, M.T. (2008). measurement and/or estimating social value creation Insights into eight integrated cost approaches. Seattle, WA Bill & Melinda furnish Foundation. Retrieved December 11, 2009. 16. Speckbacher, Gerhard. The Economics of Performance Management in Nonprofit Organizations. Nonprofit Management & Leadership Spring2003, Vol. 13 Issue 3, p267, 15p 17. Ammons, David N., and William C. Rivenbark. Factors influencing the use of performance data to improve municipal services Evidence from the North Carolina benchmarking project. Public Administration Review 68.2 (2008) 304+.General Reference Center Gold. Web. 3 May 2010 18. Kara D. Rutowski, Jeffery K. Guiler and Kurt E. Schimmel. Benchmarking organizational commitment across nonpr ofit human services organizations in Pennsylvania. School of Business, Robert Morris University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, 2007. 19. Courtney, M.E. (2000). Managed care and child welfare services What are the issues? Children and Youth Services Review, 22(2), 87-91. 20. Kaplan, R.S. (2002). The balanced scorecard and nonprofit organizations. Boston Harvard Business School.

Macbeth Analysis Essay

In the beginning Macbeth starts out as a successful and respected warrior, who leads male monarch Dun corporations army. wherefore his life starts to go downhill for him when he decides to bring home the bacon to a witches prophecy. His wife wench Macbeth pressures him to dash off Duncan while he is staying at the Macbeths castle. At first, Macbeths ambitions get across his doubts and hesitations, tho later both he and his wife are driven to insanity by their guilt. Macbeth thus goes on to kill queer Banquo, and he also plans to kill Macduff, who too has his own suspicions virtually Macbeth. Macbeth is non in the right state of mind to grieve when his wife dies from her mental anguish. Finally, Macduff kills Macbeth in battle, and Malcolm becomes the new king.The stage setting of our key scene (Act 2, Scene 3) is about Duncans murder by Macbeth. Macbeth has his own strong motivations not to kill Duncan, only is pushed and pressurised into it by the witches and Lady Macbe th. Lady Macbeth gives her husband advice to look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under it, which means he must be vicious inside but appear innocent on the outside to the rest of the char portrayalers, which they take to do even after the murder. in that location is a sense of suspense, much(prenominal) as, how will the thanes react to the murder? Will Macbeth get away with it invariably? And will his plan be successful?Act 2, Scene 3 is about the aftermath of King Duncans murder by Macbeth. It begins with a rather comic interlude, where a drunken Porter is roaming about in Macbeths castle and is speaking nonsense, with ironic mentions about hell. He opens the door to Macbeth and Lennox, and they go to the accommodate where they chance upon that Duncan is dead. Lennox and others are genuinely shocked, whilst guilty Macbeth babbles too much about the situation, and even his wife coiffures it meagrely look as if she is more concerned about her house than the king s death. Sly Lady Macbeth turns the attention and suspicion away from her husband by fainting. Duncans sons Malcolm and Donaldbain fear for their lives and run away to neighbouring countries. both(prenominal) our main characters develop in similar and different ways. Macbeth has constant doubts about the murder, then immediately feels smutty after he commits it. Both he and his wife struggle to talk without dropping small suspicious clues, but lady Macbeth mainly manages to keep them out of suspicion. Macbeths sense of guilt leads to panic, as he is forced to be deceptive to hybridize up his crime. There is hesitation in his speech, and guilty remorse is revealed through his actions. Although he was pushed by his wife to kill Duncan, he wasnt inspired by anyone to kill the guards. He is forced to take action to control the situation, and feels he has to keep killing because thither is no going back. He is starting to experience with the consequences, like the poison chalice.Up un til now, Lady Macbeth has been the original mover, but is now beginning to crumble and is no longer the strong person that she was. She does show nearly human sensitivity in her, even if she is evil. She has a genuine wifely devotion and loyalty to her husband. Also, she knows that she cant go very far in the world of that era because she is a woman, so she is get close to nighwhere high through Macbeth. Lady Macbeth may be sad and evil part due to losing her child, compared to Lady Macduff, who has children and seems to be a nicer, calmer person.In this play, we can see the theme of appearance vs. realness, as the Macbeth couple are forced to conceal the guilty reality of their crime by pose on innocent appearances. It was Lady Macbeth who quoted the image of appearing like the innocent flower, but macrocosm the serpent under it, by which she meant to be brutal but act innocent. There are images with references to nirvana and hell, such as when the drunken porter appears t o be talking nonsense, but his words genuinely make some sense. Some of his quotes include if a man were a porter of hell-gate and whos there in the name of Beelzebub?, which seems to link in with the evil deed that Macbeth has just committed.Macbeths act of killing the king is called regicide, which leads to confused events. To kill a king was seen as damnable because it was removing Gods representative on earth. Macbeths image of the fountain being stopped (by him, which he doesnt make obvious) shows an interference with the Divine Right of Kings, a belief that royalty is passed down in the family. As with intimately tragedies, betrayal is very prominent in this play. He betrays his guest and king Duncan by killing him instead of defend him. We see the use of iambic pentameter, and this is when a line follows a certain rhythmic pattern, such as confusion now hath made his masterpiece.We can see a tragic complex body part in the play of Macbeth. Firstly, as with most tragedies , he falls from an elevated position to a tragic demise. At the beginning of the play he is a war hero, but after some poisonous influences and wrong choices, becomes disgraced, isolated, and finally killed. Macbeths fall is seen in this scene when he kills innocent people to cover up his first murder he declines into insanity and loses control of the situation. He has an internal conflict in the midst of the benign and malign sides to his characters. His benign side is telling him not to do the murder, then after it happens he thinks if I could turn back time, wishing he had not done it after all. Then there is his malign ambition to be king and become powerful no matter what, and to learn to the bad advice of Lady Macbeth and the witches. There is the prominent theme of betrayal, which Arthur Miller of A View from the noseband said is the key to many tragedies.Macbeth betrays many people such as Duncan, by not protecting him as his host, Banquo, by also killing him, Macduff, b y giving orders for his family to be killed, God, by removing his designated representative on earth, Scotland, by leaving it in a semipolitical vacuum, and even himself, for sinking so low. He lies a lot to conceal his guilt and murder. There is an overwhelming sense of wasted potential. Many characters such as Duncan, Banquo, and even Macbeth himself should all have lived peaceful, happy, contented lives, but Macbeth spoils it for all of them. There is also the chance that Macbeth could have become king honourably without the need to kill. Also, Malcolm could have become king earlier without the chaos which leaves Scotland unsettled, and the political vacuum. In this scene we see Macbeth become an independent murderer without influence from anyone. He is visibly a deceitful liar, and there are many beginnings of chaos.The events of our key scene (Act 2, Scene 3) leave us speculative what will happen next and wanting to know more. This is how Shakespeare evokes suspense in the pl ay of Macbeth. After Macbeth commits the fantastic murder, we are left wondering what will happen to the state of Macbeths mind, as we later find out that his increasing insanity finally finishes him off. We wonder if the Macbeth couple will ever be embed out of their wicked conspiracy. Although they do not get caught by country officials, they see the suspicions from Banquo and Macduff.We could even asseverate that the Macbeths punish themselves in a way, by having to face the guilt-ridden consequences of their actions. From the beginning, Lady Macbeth has been the more prominent cooperator in the relationship, but her mental decline seems to affect her quicker than Macbeth, even to the point that she dies and he does not seem to care much. Going back to the murders aftermath, there is the question of who will be the new king, and what will happen to Scotland from this point. We, as the audience, are waiting to find out what happens next, and see that some of our questions are answered, and some are not, (like, what exactly happened to Lady Macbeths child that she had vaguely mentioned?).